Bone and skeletal tissues
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| show | 1.Hyaline
2.Elastic
3.Fibrocartilage
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| Hyaline cartilage and skeletal tissue | show 🗑
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| show | More flexible than hyaline due to more elastic fibers and less collagen; able to withstand stretching; found in epiglottis
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| Fibrocartilage and skeletal tissue | show 🗑
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| Cartilage growth | show 🗑
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| Appositional growth | show 🗑
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| show | "within"; lacunae chondrocytes proliferate/secrete matrix inside cartilage; Very slow type of growth
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| 5 Vital functions of bone | show 🗑
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| show | 1.Axial
2.Appendicular
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| show | long axis; skull, vertebral column
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| Appendicular skeleton | show 🗑
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| 4 Bone shapes | show 🗑
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| Long bones | show 🗑
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| show | cube-shaped; ex. bones in wrist and ankle; alson bones within tendons like the patella
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| show | Thin and flattened; usually a bit curved; ex. sternum, skull bones, rib bones
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| show | Bones with complicated and abnormal shapes; ex. hip bones, vertebra
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| Bones adapt to form... | show 🗑
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| show | (bulges, depressions, and holes) Serve as sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments and tendons; form joint surfaces (ball and socket); conduits for blood vessels and nerves (holes)
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| show | 1.Compact bone
2.Spongy bone
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| show | usually on outer surface of bones; smooth and solid; formed by collagen that has been mineralized
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| Spongy bone (anatomy) | show 🗑
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| Spongy bone (functions/physiology) | show 🗑
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| Anatomy of long bones | show 🗑
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| show | Hollow/tubular shaft that forms the axis of long bones; composed of compact bone that surrounds medullary cavity; yellow bone marrow (fat) is contained in the medullary cavity
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| Medullary Cavity | show 🗑
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| show | Expanded ends of long bones; exterior is compact bone and interior is spongy bone; Joint surface is covered with articular (hyaline) cartilage
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| epiphyseal line | show 🗑
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| Articular (hyaline) cartilage in joints | show 🗑
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| show | 1.Endosteum
2.Periosteum
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| Endosteum | show 🗑
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| Periosteum | show 🗑
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| Outer layer of periosteum | show 🗑
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| Inner layer of periosteum | show 🗑
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| show | 1.Osteogenic cell- stem cell
2.Osteoblast- bone growth, building
3.Osteocyte- maintains bone, repairs
4.Osteoclast- bone-resorbing cells that use enzymes and acid to break down bone cells; breaks down bone
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| Osteons (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | Concentric layers of mineralized collagen; mineralizing helps make structure harder;
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| show | Collagen fibers that spiral upwards and make each lamellae (ring); the spiraled collagen fibers make a stronger structure
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| show | In the middle of the osteon; and contains blood vessels (nutrients) and nerve fibers
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| show | Run across bone perpendicular to the central canals and carry blood vessels for nutrients to many different osteons
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| Lacunae | show 🗑
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| show | Spongy and compact bone
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| Connective tissues in short, irregular, and flat bones | show 🗑
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| Hematopoietic tissue | show 🗑
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| show | When born all bone marrow is red; found in medullary cavity of diaphysis and all areas of spongy bone; Most turns yellow at puberty; most of the red blood cells that will remain throughout your life are made in the red marrow when your an infant
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| show | trabeculae (a network of fine spicules) of flat bones; head of femur and humerus ONLY (not in any other long bones or in the bottom epiphyses of the femur or humerus); only about half of the marrow in adults is red marrow
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| show | Hydroxyapatites or mineral salts- 65% of bone by mass; many calcium phosphates; responsible for bone hardness and its resistance to compression
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| show | "Making of bone"; embryo- formation of bony skeleton; until adulthood- bone growth; adult- bone remodeling
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| Embryo bone development (2 types) | show 🗑
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| show | intramembranous ossification; making of bone between membranes; forms flat bones; replacement of connective tissue membrane sheets with bone
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| show | Endochondral ossification; REPLACES cartilage with bone does not TURN cartilage into bone; This process forms long bones
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| Step 1 of Endochondral bone (embryo bone development) | show 🗑
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| Step 2 of Endochondral bone (embryo bone development) | show 🗑
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| Step 3 of Endochondral bone (embryo bone development) | show 🗑
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| show | While osteoclasts break down spongy bone to form the marrow cavity the osteoblasts replace spongy bone with compact bone in the diaphysis; meanwhile the epiphyses are penetrated with a nutrient artery and being for form spongy bone (starts in center)
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| Step 5 of Endochondral bone (embryo bone development) | show 🗑
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| Epiphyseal plate functions | show 🗑
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| Epiphyseal zones | show 🗑
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| Growth zone | show 🗑
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| Hypertonic zone | show 🗑
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| Calcification zone | show 🗑
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| Ossification zone | show 🗑
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| show | The cycle of bone growth at these plates is continuous; eventually (at puberty) the cartilage cells slow down replication while the osteoblasts continue at the same rate until cartilage is replaced by bone and only a thin epiphyseal line remains.
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| Hormonal control and growth | show 🗑
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| Overview of bone growth | show 🗑
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| show | We turnover about 5-7% of bone mass per week
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| show | laying down bone and calcifying it; done by the osteoblasts and results in new bone formation; usually occurs after injury for additional bone strength
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| Vitamins and bones (bone deposit) | show 🗑
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| Minerals and bones (bone deposit) | show 🗑
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| show | Break down of bone matrix; done by osteoclasts; done to raise blood calcium levels or remove necrotic debris
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| Lysosomal enzymes and bone (bone resorption) | show 🗑
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| Acids and bone (bone resorption) | show 🗑
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| Bone remodeling is regulated by: | show 🗑
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| Hormonal regulation of bone remodeling | show 🗑
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| show | Calcitonin- secreted by thyroid gland and stimulates osteoblasts and suppresses parathyroid gland
Parathyroid hormone- secreted by parathyroid, stimulates osteoclasts and suppresses thyroid gland
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| Mechanical stress and bone remodeling | show 🗑
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| show | 1.Osteomalacia
2.Osteoporosis
3.Pagets disease
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| Osteomalacia | show 🗑
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| Osteoporosis | show 🗑
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| Pagets disease | show 🗑
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| show | similar to embryonic ossification; 5 steps
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| show | Hematoma (clot) forms; injured cells die; swelling, pain, and inflammation; this occurs shortly after break
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| Step 2 of bone healing | show 🗑
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| show | Fibrocartilage callus; soft callus (granulation); capillaries form; fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts are not present; occurs 2-4 days after break
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| show | bony callus; spongy bone forms; connects ends of broken bone
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| Step 5 of bone healing | show 🗑
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