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BSC test 2

skin, bones, muscles, joints

Question	Answer
Layers of epidermis	stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum
Post-mitotic layer of epidermis	stratum granulosum
layer of epidermis found only in skin that is very thick	stratum lucidum
layer of epidermis with squamous cells and no nuclei or other organelles	stratum lucidum
Attach to desmosomes	tonofibrils
Hold cells of stratum spinosum together	spiny projections
Cells that make up stratum spinosum	prickle cells
Contains the vascular system in the skin	dermis
Connects skin to underlying tissue	hypodermis
Main cell of the stratum basale	keratinocyte
Attaches basale to basement membrane	hemidesmosomes
Sensor cells in stratum basale	merkel cells
Levels of the epidermis most prone to cancer	stratum basale and stratum spinosum
Begins vitamin D synthesis	keratinocytes
Layers of the dermis	reticular and papillary
Dense irregular connective tissue in the dermis	Reticular layer
Areolar (loose) connective tissue in the dermis	Papillary layer
Contains Meissner's corpuscles	dermal papilla
Contains Pacinian corpuscles	Reticular layer of dermis
downward folds of the epidermis	rete ridges
upward projections of the dermis	dermal papilla
Enable friction to pick up small things	rete ridges
3 layers of hair	cortex, medulla, cuticle
Phase of hair growth that takes weeks to years	active phase
phase of hair growth that is 1-3 months then replaces old hair	resting phase
phase where hair matrix of cells die	regressive phase
sweat gland with watery secretions	merocrine
sweat gland with viscid secretion	apocrine
gland that helps with thermoregulation	merocrine
gland with stem cells	holocrine
gland with bigger lumen	aprocrine
gland that secretes by exocytosis	merocrine
gland that destroys the whole cell then secretes	holocrine
cancer that originates in the spinosum	squamous cell carcinoma
most common and least malignant cancer	basal cell carcinoma
slow growing cancer	basal cell carcinoma
most dangerous cancer because it is highly metastatic	melanoma
cancer caused by environmental factors	squamous cell carcinoma
cancer that appears as a lesion	squamous cell carcinoma
cancer that originates in stratum spinosum	squamous cell carcinoma
Cancer that appears as a brown/black patch	melanoma
Estimates the volume of fluid lost in burns	Rule of Nines
How long is burned skin sterile?	24 hours
Burn where only the epidermis is damaged	first degree burn
Burn that involves the dermis and epidermis; skin grafting necessary	3rd degree burn
Burn that is like first degree but with blisters	2nd degree burn
Silicone epidermis bound to spongy dermal layer with collagen and ground cartilage	synthetic skin
cartilage with a high water content	skeletal cartilage
3 types of skeletal cartilage	fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage, hyaline cartilage
Most common skeletal cartilage	hyaline
cartilage with collagen and elastic fibers	elastic cartilage
Growth from within	interstitial growth
Only skeletal cartilage with no perichondrium	fibrocartilage
Cartilage in nasal septum, trachea, ends of rubs	hyaline
Growth from edges	appositional
Collagen fibers are oriented in the direction of functional stress	fibrocartilage
Growth where chondroblasts in periosteum secrete a new matrix	appositional growth
Growth where chondrocytes divide to secrete new matrix	interstitial growth
Connected with skeleton by being in intevertebral discs	fibrocartilage
Bones in the skull, vertebral columns, and ribs	axial skeleton
Bones of upper and lower limbs	appendicular skeleton
Supports the weight of the upper body	pelvic girdle
Permits a wide range of motion	pectoral girdle
Site of leg attachment	pelvic girdle
Middle/shaft of bone	diaphysis
Plate that is usually from adult bone	epiphyseal plate
Marrow in adults	yellow
3 types of vertebrae	cervical, thoracic, lumbar
How many cervical vertebrae?	7
how many thoracic vertebrae?	12
How many lumbar vertebrae?	5
Vertical channels in bone that makes arteries and veins go through	Haversian canals
Horizontal channels that connect haversian canals	Volkmann's Canal
Connects lacunae to each other	canaliculi
Partial osteon	interstitial lamella
Spicules that make up spongy bone	trabeculae
Align lines of stress and help bone resist stress	trabeculae
25% of total bone organic material	collagen
Mineral component of bone	hypoxyapetite
Matured bone is 65%:	mineralized matrix
Provides tensile strength and flexibility	fibrous component
Trigger for bone crystallization	interaction of collagen fibers with GAGs of matrix material
Intramembranous ossification begins with:	mesenchyme
Endochondral ossification begins with:	hyaline cartilage
Ossification in long bones	endochondral ossification
Ossification in flat bones	intramembranous ossification
Ossification that goes straight to osteoblasts	intramembranous ossification
ossification that goes from chondroblasts to osteoblasts	endrochondral ossification
ossification surrounded by periosteum	intramembranous ossification
covers bone ends and articulations	hyaline cartilage
cells that have to die before osteoblasts come in during endochondral ossification	chondroblasts
Most important stimulus of epiphyseal plate	growth hormone
induce epiphyseal plates to completely ossify	estrogen and testosterone
Modulates growth hormone	T3 & T4
Growth in thickness of bone by:	appositional growth
Osteogenic layer of periosteum has:	osteoblasts
Released if blood calcium is too high	PTH
released if blood calcium is too low	calcitonin
Released from thyroid gland to regeulate calcium	calcitonin
Law that proves bones remodel because of mechanical stress	Wolffs law
Converts callus into bone in bone repair	osteoblasts
Increase at fracture site will increase bone growth:	electrical stimulus
How does electrical stimulus increase bone growth?	partially prevents PTH from stimulating osteoclasts
Ossification that is replacing cartilage with bone	Endochondral ossification
Biodegradable ceramic substance known as TCP	artificial bone
Used from human cadavers in bone repair	crushed bone
Caused by insufficient calcium or vitamin D	Rickets
Disease caused by excessive and abnormal bone resorption and formation	Paget's disease
Primary bone	woven bone
secondary bone	compact bone
Abnormally high woven bone to compact bone	Paget's disease
Bone disease that occurs at any age because of immobility	Disuse osteoporosis
Drugs that slow how much bone is dissolved	Anti-resorptive drugs
How often is the entire skeleton replaced	Every 10 years
Used for treatment of skeletal defects	crushed bone
Looks at bone density to diagnose osteoporosis earlier	DEXA
Age of peak bone mass	18 years old
Bone disease with unknown cause but linked to a viral infection	Paget's
4 hormones that regulate calcium	PTH, calcitonin, Vitamin D, Calcium
Slow how much bone gets dissolved	Anti-resorptive drugs
Class of anti-resorptives	biphosphates
Prevents further bone loss and increases bone density	biphosphates
Gets into osteoclast and causes it to self-destruct	biphosphate
Induces osteoclasts to dissolve bone	PTH
Inhibits collagen synthesis by osteoblasts	PTH
Increases calcium absorption in the body	PTH
Pathway of vitamin D	sun>skin (vitamin D3)>liver(calcidiol)>kidney(calcitriol)
Calcitriol acts as a:	hormone
Acts directly on the small intestine to boost absorption of calcium	Vitamin D
Increases calcium resorption (release) from skeleton	calcitriol
acts by binding to RANKL and stimulates differentiation into osteoclasts	calcitriol
Causes reabsorption of calcium by kidneys	Calcitriol
Macrophages that get differentiated	osteoclasts
Govern production of osteoclasts using 3 signaling molecules	osteoblasts
Induces macrophages to multiply	stimulating factor
protein that binds to macrophages inducing them to form osteoclasts	RANKL
attaches to RANKL so it won't bind to a macrophage	osteoprotegerin
Enhances osteoprotegerin	estrogen
Prolongs the life of osteoblasts	estrogen
Only occur between bones of the skull	sutures
Joints with no joint cavity	fibrous joints
Articulation edges completely filled by very short connective tissue fibers that penetrate the bone	sutures
Suture at border of parietal bones	serrate
suture between temporal and parietal bones	lap suture
suture in palatine process of maxilla	plane
Arrangement that allows infant's head to pass through birth canal	free-floating bones skull separated by sutures
Premature fusing of the sutures	craniosynostosis
Union of 2 or more bones to form single bones	synostosis
Types of fibrous joints	sutures, sydesmoses, gomphoses
Fibrous joint in which bones are connected by a ligament	syndesmoses
Fibrous joint with longer fibers	syndesmoses
Fibrous connection like a nail or a bolt with short peridontal ligament	gomphoses
movement of gomphoses	amphiarthrotic
slightly moveable joint	amphiarthrotic
immovable joint	synarthrotic
freely movable joints	diarthrotic
Diaphysis growing is called	synchondroses
Lack a joint cavity	cartilaginous joints
movement of cartilaginous joints	amphiarthrotic
types of cartilaginous joints	synchondroses and symphyses
Means growing together	symphysis
Becomes ossified and immovable (synarthrotic) when bone growth ends	synchondroses
Articular surfaces of bone are covered with	hyaline cartilage
Function of symphysis	strength and flexibility
Located predominantly in limbs	synovial joints
Filled with synovial fluid	joint cavity
joint enclosed by double-layered articular capsule	synovial joint
In synovial joints, comes from filtration of blood plasma	synovial fluid
Makes synovial fluid viscous	synovial membrane cells secrete hyaluronic acid
Makes synovial fluid slippery	albumin
Warms synovial fluid	exercise
Forces synovial fluid from cartilages when joint is suppressed by movement	weeping lubrication
Contains phagocytic cells that rid the joint cavity of cellular debrus and nourish cartilage	synovial fluid
layers of periosteum	fibrous layer and osteogenic layer
layer of periosteum containing osteoblasts	osteogenic layer
Bone growth in width b	appositional growth
Fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane	Bursa
Contains thin film of synovial fluid and is common where ligaments, etc rub bone	Bursa
Elongated bursa that completely wrap around tendon subjected to friction	tendon sheaths
discs or wedges of fibrocartilage that separate articular surfaces of bone	menisci
divide synovial cavity into 2 separate cavities	menisci
absorbs shock and pressure, improves fit between bones, and stabilizes joints	menisci
Most menisci injuries occur _________ and are irreparable	in avascular zones
Loss of as little as 10% of meniscus can lead to:	degenerative arthritis
Treatment of choice for torn menisci	arthroscopy
Stability of joint depends on:	nature of articular surface and number & position of ligaments
What kind of sockets are best for stability?	deep sockets like the hip
low levels of contractile activity in relaxed muscle that keeps the muscles healthy and ready to react to stimuli	muscle tone
Most important stabilizing factor	muscle tendons that cross the joint
Monitor position of joints and maintains muscle tone	articular capsule and ligaments
Supplies articular capsule and ligaments	sensory nerve endings
Muscles always in what state	somewhat contractive
Every muscle is attached to the bone by at least ____ points	2
Attached to bone that does not move	origin
attached to bone that moves	insertion
What happens to insertion and origin when muscles contract	insertion moves toward the origin
Movement of every synovial joint	diarthrotic (freely movable)
Classes of synovial joints	plane, hinge, pivot, saddle, ball & socket
Synovial joint with flat articular surfaces	Plane joint
Synovial joint in tarsals/carpals	plane joint
synovial joint that permits flexion and extension	hinge joint
synovial joint that is in knee and elbow	hinge joint
synovial joint that allows rotation	pivot joint
synovial joint that includes the axis and atlas	pivot joint
synovial joint with concave and convex articular surface shapes	saddle joint
synovial joint in thumbs	saddle joint
Synovial joint: articular surfaces fit together concave to convex	saddle joint
most freely moving synovial joint	ball and socket
three bones of the elbow	ulna, radius, humerus
joint between humerus and ulna	humeroulnar
joint between humerus and radius	humeroradial
joint between radius and ulna	radioulnar
lateral epicondylitis	tennis elbow
medial epicondylitis	golfer's elbow
can be caused by heavy work lifting at the elbow or repetitive movements at the wrist	tennis elbow
symptom is pain on the lateral epicondyl	tennis elbow
Tennis elbow treatment	ice, brace, stretches, steriod injections, surgery
Tennis elbow surgery	common extensor origin released from lateral epicondyle
Freely movable joint that has sacrificed stability for mobility	shoulder joint
Head of humerus is in:	glenoid cavity of scapula
3 bones of the shoulder	humerus (upper arm), scapula (shoulder blade), clavicle (collar bone)
shoulder joint replacement surgery is also called	shoulder arthroplasty
4 muscles and their tendons in rotator cuff	subscapalaris, supra spinatus, infra spinatus, teres minor
formed by articulation of spherical head of femur with deep cupped acebatabulum of coxal bone	hip joint
Provides most of the stability of a hip joint	deep socket that encloses the femoral head & the strong ligaments
contains an artery that takes arterial blood to head of femur	intracapsular ligament
largest most complex joint in the body	knee joint
4 bones of knee joint	tibia, femur, patella, fibula
2 joints in knee	femopatellar and tibiofemoral joint
joint in the knee that is a plane joint	femopatellar joint
joint in the knee that is a hinge joint	tibiofemoral joint
Intermediate between patella and lower end of femur	femopatellar joint
between femoral condyles above and c-shaped menisci of tibia below	tibiofemoral joint
at least ____ bursae associated with the knee	12
Knee muscles that go across the knee joint	quads and hamstrings
major stabilizing ligaments of the knee	ACL and PCL
Hold joints together in the knee	ligaments
Determining presence or absence of blood within joint can help diagnose ______ injury	ACL
initial treatment of ACL injury	ice, anti-inflammatories, physical therapy
Most common type of ACL reconstruction	harvesting the central third of the patellar tendon with a bone block at each end of the tendon graft
Tissue most vulnerable to injury	cartilaginous growth centers
Increases traction stress on growth centers during growth spurt	bones grow faster than tendon-muscle unit
chronic traction & stress at tibial tubercle apophysis due to repetitive activity and tight quads	osgood-schlatter injury
using a patellar strap can relieve pain from:	osgood schlatter injury
leads to cartilage swelling and cortical bone fragmentation	osgood schlatter injury
ligaments reiforcing joints are stretched and torn	sprain
common sprain sites	lumbar region of spine, ankle, and knee
Why is ligament repair slow	because ligaments are poorly vascularized
Repair for completely ruptured ligaments	surgery
implanted in torn ligament to form supporting mesh	carbon fibers
causes cartilage tearing	cartilage subjected to high pressure or twisting motion simultaneously
Why does cartilage stay torn	it is avascular and can't get sufficient nourishment
occurs when bones are forced out of normal position at a joint	dislocation
inflammation of bursa or tendon sheath caused by excessive stress friction or bacterial infection	bursitis/tendonitis
most wide spread crippling disease in US	arthritis
may result in formation of bony spurs due to increased friction	arthritis
acute arthritis usually caused by & treated with:	bacterial invasion, antibiotics
non-inflammatory type of arthritis, chronic arthritis	osteoarthritis
Caused by degeneration of joint over time through wear and tear	chronic arthritis
osteoarthritis not common in:	shoulder
crunching noise made by affected joints	creptitus
drugs that block the enzyme that creates the pain	NSAIDs
drugs that work together to treat chronic arthritis. "synergy"	motrin+tylenol
Arthritis that affects 3x as many women as men	Rheumetoid arthritis
autoimmune disease with suspected cause strep bacteria	rheumatoid arthritis
Arthritis that attacks the synovial membrane	rheumatoid arthrits
Blood cells and swollen membranes release chemicals into synovial fluid that break down or damage joint tissues	rheumatoid arthritis
systemic disease: can show up in other organs	rheumatoid arthritis
excessive amount of uric acids deposited as urate crystals in soft tissues	gout
arthritis more common in males	gout
Genetic factors in these diseases:	gout, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporsis
cells that participate in every activity that requires movement	muscle cells
3 types of muscle	skeletal, cardiac, smooth
generates 3/4 heat for muscles	from body by muscle action
elongated and called fibers	muscle cells
immature muscle cell	myoblast
largest of muscle cell types	skeletal muscle
Muscle must rest after short periods of activity	skeletal
multinucleated muscle(s)	skeletal
uninucleated muscle(s)	cardiac, smooth
Makes up skeletal muscle:	muscle fibers, connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve fibers
connective tissue that wraps each individual muscle fiber	endomysium
connective tissue that wraps bundles of muscle fibers (fasicles)	perimysium
connective tissue that wraps the whole muscle	epimysium
covers entire muscle and is located over the layer of epimysium	fascia
Muscle attachment where epimysium is fused to periosteum or perochondrium	direct muscle attachment
muscle attachment where muscle fascia extends beyond muscle as a rope-like tendon that anchors muscle to bone, cartilage, or another fascia	indirect muscle attachment
Fascicle arrangement: long axis of fascicle rubs with longitudinal axis of muscle	parallel
fascicle arrangement: fascicles are short and attach obliquely to central tendon running length of muscle	pinnate
Fascicles attach to one side of tendon	unipinnate
fascicles attach to central tendon opposite sides	bipinnate
fascicles attach to many tenons	multipinnate
fascicle arrangement: fascicles converge toward single tendon	convergent
Pectoralis major fascicle arrangement	convergent
fascicle arrangement: fascicles arranged in concentric circles	circular
In muscle cells, contains large amounds of stored glycogen myoglobin	sarcoplasm
80% of cell volume	myofibrils
thick filaments	myosin
thin filaments	actin
contractile proteins	myofilaments
filament that looks like a twisted double strand	thin filaments
contain active sites for myosin binding	thin filaments (actin)
2 regulatory proteins associated with actin	tropomyosin and troponin
control myosin-actin interaction	troponin and tropomyosin
each muscle fiber contains ___ axon	one
Troponin that binds to actin	TnI
troponin that binds to tropomyosin	TnT
troponin that binds to Ca++	TnC
Complex of 3 polypeptides	troponin
Align width of muscle cell so it appears striated	myofibrils
functional contractile unit of skeletal and cardiac muscle	sarcomere
What has to happen to muscles before they contract	innervation
normally covers up binding spot on actin filament	tropomyosin
binds with troponin to cause tropomyosin to expose actin binding site	calcium
stimulates skeletal muscle cells	motor neurons
2 types of excitable cells	neurons & muscle cells
opens ligand-gated sodium channels	ACh
diffusion of Na in cell reduces resting potential at that spot creating:	end plate potential
potential reduced to _________ for action potential to be generated in cell	threshold voltage
Sarcolemma is restored to initial polarized state	repolarization
Restores electrical condition of resting membrane	potassium diffuses from cell
Tubules surround each myofibril	sarcoplasmic reticulum
Large perpendicular cross channels in SR	terminal cisternae
regulate intercellular levels of Ca++	major role of SR
Formed at A-I band junction where sarcolemma penetrates the interior of the cell	t tubules
sequence of events in which the transmission of an action potential along the sarcolemma leads to contraction	excitation-contraction coupling
promotes formation of myosin cross bridges	calcium
Production ceases shortly after breathing stops	ATP
autoimmune disease that attacks and destroys ACh receptors located on muscle cells	myasthenia gravis
Cause of stiffness after death known as rigor mortis	ATP isn't being produced to detach myosin cross bridges
Poison that disrupts innervation by blocking ACh from attaching to receptors	curare
amount of tension generated by a muscle depends on how stretched or contracted it is before stimulated	length tension relationship
monitors and adjusts length of resting muscle to paintain partial contraction	nervous system
length of resting muscle to maintain partial contraction	muscle tone
Keeps a muscle firm, healthy, and ready to respond to stimulation	muscle tone
consists of motor neuron and all muscle cells it controls	motor unit
large motor units generate ____ force but ____ control	more;less
time between stimulation and time of contraction (everything that happens before contraction place)	latent period
time during which the muscle contracts and actin filaments move	period of contraction
period in which muscle returns to original length; happens when trying to get myosin head off	period of relaxation
Period in which calcium goes to sarcoplasmic reticulum	period of relaxation
twitches vary with concentration of:	calcium
How does pH affect twitches	weaker
If a skeletal muscle is stimulated a second time right after contraction phase, contraction will have higher max tension	treppe
Successive stimuli arrive before the relaxation phase has been completed and second twitch is stronger	wave summation
wave summation can't happen under:	absolute refractory period
Required for wave summation	calcium
increasing the stimulation rate until the relaxation phase is eliminated	tetanus
Twitch seen in artificial stimulation of a muscle	tetanus
force exerted by a contracting muscle on an object	muscle tension
force exerted on a muscle by the weight of an object	load
muscle tension develops but the load is not moved	isometric
muscle tension develops and load is not moved (pushing and muscles are contracting but nothing happens)	isometric tension
muscle tension develops and the load is moved	isostonic tension
Borrow phosphate groups ATP needs to be made	phosphagen system
Respiration that doesnt require oxygen	anaerobic
Con of anaerobic respiration	glycolysis is converted to lactic acid when there is no oxygen available
Respiration that provides a large amount of ATP but takes longer because of the many steps	aerobic respiration
Main factor in muscle fatigue	making enough ATP
difference between resting rate of oxygen consumption and elevated rate	oxygen debt
muscle with poorly developed SR	smooth muscle
tiny invagnations of sarcolemma with calcium inside	caveloae
Why do calveolae work	smooth muscle has a large surface area so Ca++ can diffuse into cell from interstitial fluid
Muscle that lacks troponin and sarcomeres	smooth muscle
Organization of muscle fibers in smooth muscle	sheets of closely apposed fibers
cyclic contraction and relaxation of opposing layers allows lumen of organ to alternately constrict	peristalsis-smooth muscle
muscles that lack structured neuromuscular junction	smooth
innervating nerve fibers that have numerous bulbous endings	varicosities
neurotransmitters released in a wide synaptic cleft in general area of smooth muscle cells	diffuse junction
makes smooth muscle contractions possible	gap junctions
pacemaker cells	auto rhythmic cells
calcium interacts with ______ and _____ enzyme that are part of thich filament in smooth muscle contractions	calmodulin
why are smooth muscles always ready to contract	lack troponin
Smooth muscle contractions	Ca activates calmodulin>activates kinase enzyme>transfers ATP to myosin>myosin interacts with actin (contraction)
release neurotransmitters for involuntary muscles	autonomic nerve endings
allows hollow organs to fill or expand slowly to accomodate increased internal volume	stress-relaxation response
certain smooth muscle fibers divide to increase numbers, like uterus during pregnancy	hyperplasia
How can smooth muscle make its own connective tissue	can make collagen and elastic fibers to make CT that surround their fibers

Created by: beshoe

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