Help
Options
Question
cardiac output =
click to flip
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't know
Question
stroke volume =
Remaining cards (187)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
A&P II: Heart&Blood
Mod 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cardiac output = | Heart rate/minute x mL/beat |
| stroke volume = | mL/beat or EDV - ESV |
| cardiac output | amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in one minute average 75/minute |
| stroke volume | amount of blood pumped by each ventricle with each heartbeat average 70 mL/beat |
| end diastolic volume | amount of blood in each ventricle at the end of diastole (relaxation) |
| end stroke volume | amount of blood in each ventricle at the end of systole (contraction) |
| stroke volume = | EDV - ESV |
| How does a drop in BP affect the heart rate? | low BP Increases stroke volume (SNS) |
| How does a drop in blood volume affect the heart rate? | low blood volume Increases stroke volume (SNS) |
| How does fright affect the heart rate? | Increases stroke volume (SNS) |
| How does a crisis averted affect the heart rate? | Decreases stroke volume (PNS) |
| composed of cardiac muscle tissue | myocardium |
| visceral pericardium, simple squamous epithelium | epicardium |
| smooth inner lining of the heart, simple squamous epithelium | endocardium |
| another name for epicardium | visceral pericardium |
| form a double layer sac around the heart | visceral and fibrous pericardium |
| serous membrane of the heart (two) | visceral and parietal pericardium |
| fibrous connective tissue attached to diaphragm and base of great vessels | fibrous pericardium |
| forms pericardial cavity filled with percardial fluid acting as a lubricant during heart contraction | visceral and parietal pericardium |
| the left ventricle pumps to the systemic circulation through the | aorta |
| the right ventricle pumps pulmonary circulation through the | pulmonary trunk |
| blood returning from the systemic circulation enters the | right side |
| blood returning from the pulmonary circulation enters the | left side |
| pulmonary trunk exits this chamber | right ventricle |
| vena cavae enter this chamber | right atrium |
| tricuspid valve connects these chambers | right atrium and right ventricle |
| bicuspid valve conects these chambers | left atrium and left ventricle |
| aorta exits this chamber | left ventricle |
| pulmonary veins enter this chamber | left atrium |
| form pump for pulmonary circulation | right ventricle |
| form pump for systemic circulation | left ventricle |
| general function of valves of the heart | prevent backflow |
| where is the aortic semilunar valve | left ventricle |
| where is the pulmonary semilunar valve | right ventricle |
| how is the structure of the atrioventricular valve different from the semilunar valve | semilunar is more like a pocket |
| blood vessels supplying the heart muscle | coronary arteries |
| vein returning blood from the heart wall | coronary sinus |
| where are the coronary arteries located | coronary sulcus on the posterior surface of the heart |
| where does blood from the coronary arteries go? | right atrium |
| cardiac muscle innervation | ANS |
| skeletal muscle innervation | SNS |
| cardiac muscle stimulus for contraction | autorhythmic neuron |
| skeletal muscle stimulus for contraction | somatic neuron |
| made of desmosomes and gap junctions | intercalated discs |
| allow muscle potentials to conduct from one muscle fiber to neighbor (no chemical neurotransmitters) | gap junction |
| holds muscle fibers together | desmosomes |
| action potential is longer/shorter for cardiac muscle than skeletal muscle | longer |
| ions involved in cardiac muscle depolarization | Na+ and Ca2+ |
| what ion maintains depolarization so cardiac muscle can relax | Ca2+ |
| what are 2 sources for cardiac muscle Ca2+ | ISF and SR |
| what is one source for skeletal muscle Ca+ | SR |
| tetanus can/cannot happen in cardiac muscle | cannot |
| another contraction can/can't happen until relaxation of the heart muscle | can't |
| True/False: autorhythmic fibers form a conduction system of the skeletal muscle | False |
| sinoatrial node is also known as the ________ of the heart | pacemaker |
| True/False: the pacemaker potential is spontaneous depolarization | True |
| True/False: an action potential starts in the AV node of the heart | False |
| True/False: AP - SA node - AV node - AV bundle - Bundle Branches - Purkinje fibers | True |
| what fibers surround the apex of the heart causing contraction of the ventricles | Purkinje fibers |
| what part of the conduction system serves as the pacemaker | SA node |
| what is the only electrical connection between the atrial and ventricular muscle masses | AV bundle |
| True/False: electrical conduction through the AV node is fast | Fast |
| True/False: slow conduction thru the AV node give ventricles time to finish filling before contracting | True |
| Rapid conduction of Purkinje fibers affects blood pressure and | coordination |
| any abnormality in the rhythm of the heart (too fast or too slow) is called | arrhythmia |
| phase of contraction of the heart muscle, especially the ventricles | systole |
| phase of relaxation of the heart muscle, especially the ventricles | diastole |
| True/False: during diastole, both the atria and ventricles relax | True |
| During diastole blood is flowing from the _______into the atria. | veins |
| During diastole, blood is flowing from the atria into the ______. | ventricles |
| Atrial systole is intiated by | SA node causes depolarization |
| Atrial systole is preceded by the _______ wave of the EKG. | P |
| The atria contract/relax during atrial systole. | contract |
| During atrial systole, blood flows from the ______ to the ventricles. | atria |
| Ventricular systole is preceded by the ________ wave of the EKG. | QRS |
| What is the advantage of atrial systole? more time for ventricular filling = | more efficient filling |
| this is occurs for a brief moment before the SL valves open and the AV valves are closed | isovolumetric contraction |
| this occurs for a brief moment before the AV valves open and the SL valves are closed | isovolumetric relaxation |
| AV valves close ventricular pressure is greater/lesser than atrial pressure | greater |
| SL valves close when ventricular pressure is greater/lesser than aortic pressure | lesser |
| the volume remaining in each ventricle at the end of systole, about 60 mL | ESV |
| the volume remaining in each ventricle at the end of diastole | EDV |
| the amount of blood leaving the heart during systole (SV/EDV x 100 = EF) | ejection fraction |
| diastole is known as the pumping/filling stage of the cardiac cycle | filling |
| During what event(s) are the AV valves open and SL valves closed? | ventricular diastole and atrial systole |
| At the beginning of ventricular systole, which valves open and which valves close? | SL open and AV close |
| At the beginning of atrial systole, which valves open and which valves close? | AV open and SL close |
| If you hear an abnormal first heart sound, which valves would it be? | AV valve during ventricular systole |
| In a heart murmur, valves do not completely ________. | close |
| The second heart sound is due to the _______ closing during ventricular diastole. | SL valves |
| Name this rule: The greater the stretch of the heart muscle, the greater the contraction. | Frank-Starling Law of the Heart |
| the volume of blood returning to the ventricles via the atria via the veins | venous return |
| more venous return = more blood = better ventricular filling = greater EDV | greater stroke volume |
| substances that increase or decrease contractility | inotropic effect |
| every other factor other than preload on the strength of contraction | contractility |
| the vasopressure that must be overcome before an SL valve can open | afterload |
| increased afterload equals | decreased stroke volume |
| "filling stage": proportional to EDV, the degree of stretch before the heart contracts | preload |
| The SA node does/does not require outside stimulation to initiate a heartbeat. | does not |
| Rate of SA node firing can be modified by two factors: ANS and _______. | hormones |
| SNS stimulation increases | heart rate |
| PNS stimulation decreases | heart rate |
| How does the hormone epinephrine affect heart rate? | increases frequency |
| An abnormally rapid heart rate causes less ventricular filling time, causes decreased EDV, causes | decreased SV |
| cardiac control centers are located in the ____________ of the brain | medulla oblongata |
| SNS post-ganglionic axons release the neurotransmitter | norepinephrine |
| PNS post-ganglionic axons release the neurotransmitter | acetylcholine |
| increase the firing of the SA node | SNS |
| decrease the firing of the SA node | PNS |
| PNS ______ is responsible for slowing the heart rate down | vagal tone |
| PNS is associated with the | vagus nerve |
| When SNS releases something that increases the stroke volume, it is called a | positive inotropic effect |
| PNS causes a decrease in | cardiac output |
| only blood vessel layer of capillary walls, direct contact with lumen, simple squamous epithelium | tunica intima |
| tunica intima AKA | endothelium |
| blood vessel layer contains smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue | tunica media |
| blood vessel layer consists of fibrous connective tissue | tunica externa |
| smallest artery; greatest proportion of smooth muscle; "resistance vessels" | arterioles |
| vessels with intercellular clefts for exchange between plasma & ISF | capillaries |
| vessels with valves that act as a "volume reservoir" for blood | veins |
| capillaries consist of simple __________ epithelium | squamous |
| arterioles are/are not capable of significant vasoconstriction and vasodilation | are |
| smallest vein | venule |
| most capillaries plasma membranes of ________ cells that form a continuous tube | epithelial |
| capillaries with small pores in the plasma membrane | fenestrated |
| wide & winding capillaries containing specialized lining cells & intercellular clefts | sinusoids |
| hydrostatic (fluid) pressure exerting blood on the walls of a blood vessel | blood pressure |
| The driving ____ for blood flow is BP generated by contracting ventricles & maintained by stretch & recoil of artery walls. | force |
| blood pressure refers to the BP in arteries in _________ circulation | systemic |
| blood pressure increases, ________ increases | blood flow |
| Blood flow is driven by the blood pressure gradient, but it is opposed by | vascular resistance |
| The force exerted by blood on arterial walls during ventricular contraction is | systolic blood pressure |
| The force exerted by blood on arterial walls during ventricular relaxation is | diastolic blood pressure |
| The average BP in the arteries | MAP |
| MAP | mean arterial blood pressure |
| the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure | pulse pressure |
| a traveling pressure wave of alternating expansion & recoil of elastic arteries | pulse |
| 2 factors to vascular resistance: vessel lumen diameter and vessel ________ | length |
| 2 factors to peripheral resistance: vascular resistance and blood ________ | viscosity |
| most important variable of peripheral resistance | diameter of lumen |
| diameter of lumen of arterioles is the most/least significant factor of PR | most |
| widening of vessel diameter due to smooth muscle relaxation | vasodilation |
| narrowing of vessel diameter due to smooth muscle contraction | vasocontraction |
| Systemic changes are ________ body changes. | whole |
| Systemic blood pressure is generally regulated by: | SNS & hormones |
| Changes in arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters supplying a specific tissue regulates flow to individual capillary beds. | autoregulation |
| Autoregulation is regulated by local ________ factors. | metabolic |
| Arteriole diameter is regulated by the ________ nervous system. | sympathetic |
| Arterioles are slightly constricted constantly by constant discharge of the sympathetic nervous system. | vasomotortone |
| center in the medulla oblongata which regulates vasoconstriction and vasodilation | vasomotor |
| in medulla oblongata: vasomotor, cardioaccelerator, & cardioinhibitory centers make up the | cardiovascular center |
| Autoregulation is influenced by local metabolic factors and | heat |
| ephinephrine dilates | coronary vessels |
| norepinephrine causes/prevents vasoconstriction | causes |
| which blood components cannot normally exit capillaries? | proteins & RBC's |
| 4 structures of capillaries promote ISF/plasma exchange: thin membranes, endothelial cells, pinocytic cells, and | intercellular clefts |
| movement of dissolved molecules in response to concentration gradient | diffusion |
| molecules that diffuse across capillary walls include, CO2, glucose, some hormones and | O2 |
| large lipids & lipid soluble molecules transfer to capillaries via pinocytic vescicles called | transcytosis |
| movement of water and small molecules in response to a pressure gradient is called | bulk flow |
| bulk flow is an important factor in maintaining the balance of ___ in blood & ISF | water |
| bulk flow occurs by filtration and | reabsorption |
| Direction of bulk flow across capillary walls is determined by _____ across the wall. | net pressure gradient |
| Blood hydrostatic pressure within the capillary favors flow _____ of the capillary. | out |
| Blood colloidal osmotic pressure or osmotic draw favors flow into/out of the capillary. | into |
| Blood is hypertonic/hypotonic to the ISF because of proteins | hypertonic |
| water travels to the greater concentration of solute due to | osmosis |
| hydrostatic pressure causing fluid flow in & osmotic pressure causing fluid flow out of capillaries is also known as | Starling's law of the capillaries |
| lower than normal concentration of plasma proteins leads to increased ISF & decreased | blood volume |
| increased capillary pressure due to poor venous return leads to increased ISF & | decreased BV |
| blockage of lymphatic circulation leads to lower blood volume and higher | ISF |
| structure that prevents backflow of blood within most veins | venous valve |
| contraction of skeletal muscle compresses the vein slowing and reducing venous | return |
| venodilation increases | venous return |
| venoconstriction decreases _________ return | venous |
| Mean Arteriole Pressure equals Cardiac Output times ________. | Peripheral Resistance |
| Either Cardiac Output or Peripheral Resistance or both homeostatically regulate | arterial blood pressure |
| Homeostatic regulation of arterial pressure is accomplished through the | baroreceptor reflex |
| baroreceptor reflex receptors detect stretch in the walls of the aortic arch and | carotid sinus |
| the integration center for the baroreceptor reflex is located in | the cardiovascular center of the medulla oblongata |
| The efferent pathway for the baroreceptor reflex if along the ANS and | motor neurons. |
| The effectors for this reflex are the myocardium and _______ of arterioles & veins. | smooth muscle |
| Arterioles dilate to correct ______ blood pressure. | high |
| Heart rate increases to correct _______ blood pressure. | low |
| _________ resistance increases to correct blood pressure. | Peripheral |
| Stroke ________ decreases to correct high blood pressure. | volume |
| Veins constrict/dilate to correct low blood pressure. | constrict |
| Cardiac _____ decreases to correct high blood pressure. | output |
Created by:
MKC
Popular Anatomy sets