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What attaches the inferior and anterior surface of the sacrum to the ischial spine?
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What extends from the lateral and inferior surface of the sacrum to the ischial tuberosity?
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Anatomy_3
Gluteal Region and Posterior Thigh
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What attaches the inferior and anterior surface of the sacrum to the ischial spine? | Sacrospinous ligament |
| What extends from the lateral and inferior surface of the sacrum to the ischial tuberosity? | Sacrotuberous ligament |
| Most of the gluteal muscles have their attachments to the greater trochanter, in the trochanteric fossa, or to the intertrochanteric crest. Where does the gluteus maximus attach? | Gluteal tuberosity |
| What arises from the posterior surface of the distal half of the femur in the posterior thigh? | Short head of biceps femoris |
| What muscles have important functions in gait? | Gluteus maximus |
| When is gluteus maximus most active? | Extension of hip from flexed position (running, climbing stairs, or rising from seated position) |
| Where does the guteus maximus arise? | Posterior iliac crest, posterior sacrum and sacroiliac ligaments, coccyx, and sacrotuberous ligament |
| Where are the two insertions of the gluteus maximus? | Gluteal tuberosity of femur and iliotibial tract |
| Where does the iliotibial tract attach? | Anterior surface of lateral condyle of tibia |
| What protects and cushions the deep surface of the gluteus maximus as it passes over the ischial tuberosity and greater trochanter? | A bursa |
| What is the smaller muscle lying on the anterolateral thigh, which acts on the deep enveloping fascia of the thigh and movement of thigh? | Tensor fasciae latae |
| What are the attachments of the tensor fasciae latae? | Superiorly to anterior part of iliac crest and inferiorly to deep surface of iliotibial tract |
| What is the function of the tensor fasciae latae muscle? | Abduct and flex the thigh - also assists in knee flexion |
| What muscles have a principal function of preventing tilt of the pelvis when the contralateral lower limb is not bearing weight equally (as with the contralateral limb off the ground during walking)? | Gluteus medius and minimus |
| What are the attachments of gluteus medius? | Superiorly in the fossa between anterior and posterior gluteal lines of the ala of the ilium |
| What are the attachments of the gluteus minimus? | To ala between anterior and inferior gluteal lines |
| The gluteus medius and minimus attach to the ala. What is their other place of attachment? | Greater trochanter - gluteus minimus attaches more anteriorly |
| What are the functions of gluteus medius and gluteus minimus? | Because of their attachments, gluteus minimus can assist with medial rotation of the thigh and gluteus medius can assist with lateral rotation of the thigh |
| What is the principal function of the deep gluteal muscles? | Lateral rotation of the thigh - but they also provide significant tonic contraction to maintain the head of the femur in the acetabulum |
| What are the attachments of the piriformis muscle? | Arises as series of muscle slips that attach between anterior sacral foramina; passes through greater sciatic foramen and converges to tendon that attaches to the superior border of greater trochanter |
| What are the attachments of obturator internus? | Proximally to lateral wall of true pelvis (including obturator membrane); fibers converge to tendon which passes inferior to the ischial spine; the tendon turns laterally to attach to superior end of trochanteric fossa |
| What are the attachments of obturator externus? | Arises from lateral surface of obturator membrane and adjacent area of pubis and ischium on lateral os coxa; fibers converge to tendon, which passes inferior to neck of femur to insert into trochanteric fossa |
| What are the locations and attachments of superior and inferior gemelli muscles? | Arise on or near ischial spine superior and inferior to tendon of obturator internus muscle; fibers merge with tendon of obturator internus and have similar attachments |
| What is the short, quadrangular muscle lying inferior to obturator interus/gemelli complex? | Quadratus femoris |
| What are the attachments of quadratus femoris? | Proximally to ischial tuberosity and distally to the intertrochanteric crest |
| In general, what innervates the gluteal muscles? | Sacral plexus |
| What innervates gluteus maximus? From what spinal cord level is it derived? | Inferior gluteal nerve (L5-S2) |
| What innervates gluteus medius and minimus and tensor fascia lata? From what spinal cord level is it derived? | Superior gluteal nerve (L5-S1) |
| What innervates piriformis? From what spinal cord level is it derived? | Small nerve fibers from (S1-S2) |
| What innervates superior gemellus and obturator internus? From what spinal cord level is it derived? | Small nerve (L5-S1) |
| What innervates inferior gemellus and quadratus femoris? From what spinal cord level is it derived? | A small nerve independent from the small nerve innervating superior gemellus and obturator internus (L5-S1) |
| What innervates obturator externus? | Branch of obturator nerve |
| What provides cutaneous sensation to the buttock area? | Dorsal rami of lumbar and sacral spinal nerves (cluneal nerves) and by branches of posterior femoral cutaneous nerves (inferior cluneal nerves) |
| What artery supplies the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and tensor fasciae latae? | Superior gluteal artery |
| What artery supplies the gluteus maximus? | Inferior gluteal artery |
| The venous drainage of the gluteal region is by veins that accompany the arteries. Where do these veins drain to in the pelvic region? | Internal iliac vein |
| Where do the lymphatics drain in the gluteal region? | Drains to sites inside pelvis |
| What separates the posterior thigh from other muscular compartments of the thigh? | Femur and fascial septa |
| What are the functions of the "hamstring" muscles? | Hip extension (particularly during walking) and knee flexion |
| What are the hamstring muscles? | Semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris, and inferior, medial portion of adductor magnus |
| What are the attachments of semimembranosus? | Arises from anterior portion of ischial tuberosity and attaches distally to posterior portion of medial tibial condyle |
| What are the attachments of semitendinosus? | Arises from ischial tuberosity, immediately posterior to attachment of semimembranosus; attaches to anterior surface of medial tibial condyle |
| What forms the pes anserinus? | Semitendinosus, gracilis, and sartorius attachments at the anterior surface of the medial tibial condyle |
| What envelopes semitendinosus as it passes inferiorly? | Semimembranosus |
| Biceps femoris has two components: a long head and a short head. What is the proximal attachment of the long head? | Ischial tuberosity - shares this site of attachment with semitendinosus |
| Biceps femoris has two components: a long head and a short head. What is the proximal attachment of the short head? | Arises from lateral lip of linea aspera and lateral supracondylar line and from lateral intramuscular septum |
| What is the common distal attachment for biceps femoris? | Head of fibula |
| What are the actions of the long head of biceps femoris? | Hip extension and knee flexion |
| What are the actions of the short head of biceps femoris? | Knee flexion |
| What is the function of the inferior, medial portion of adductor magnus muscle? | Hip extension |
| What spinal nerves form the sciatic nerve? | L4-S3 |
| In general, what does the sciatic nerve supply? | Posterior thigh, leg, and foot |
| The sciatic nerve leaves the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen, usually inferior to piriformis. Describe the course of the sciatic nerve from this point. | Emerges into thigh deep to long head of biceps, between that muscle and medial group of hamstring muscles |
| The sciatic nerve consists of a medial tibial portion and a lateral fibular portion that are bound together in a common fascial bundle. What does the tibial division innervate? | Semimembranosus, semitendinosus, the "hamstring" division of adductor magnus, and long head of biceps |
| The sciatic nerve consists of a medial tibial portion and a lateral fibular portion that are bound together in a common fascial bundle. What does the common fibular nerve innervate? | Short head of biceps femoris |
| What provides innervation to the posterior thigh? Where is this nerve derived? | Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh (S1-S3) |
| What artery supplies the posterior thigh? | Perforating (usually 4 branches) of profunda femoris artery |
| Describe the venous return from the posterior thigh. | Principally via veins that accompany perforating arteries to drain to deep vein of the thigh, thence to femoral vein; they are valved veins that move blood centrally during muscular contraction withinthe confined space of posterior compartment |
| Describe the lymphatic drainage. | Lymph channels and nodes that accompany veins |
Created by:
Cory67
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