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Spine-Bone,Cart,T&L
Anatomy of Spine + Bone, Cartilage, Tendons and Ligaments
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the definition of strain? | Measurement of deformation having six components |
| The internal resistance of a material to deformation by externally applied loads is? | Stress |
| The resistance of a device to deformation is? | Stiffness |
| Deformation of a material as a result of an applied load is? | Strain |
| The stress produced when a force acts in line (parallel) with a surface? | Shear |
| Least amount of energy to failure can be determined by...? | Calculating the area under the Stress/Strain curve |
| What is the endurance limit? | The amximum stress under which the material will not fail in a fatigue (cyclic loading) test. |
| Relative toughness can be determined by..? | Seeing which stress/strain curve has the largest area under it. |
| Best description of the mechanical properties of wet compact bone in humans? | Strain-rate dependent |
| Vicoelastic bones vary with... | Load rate |
| Increasing the strain rate from slow to fast will... | Increase energy absorption to failure |
| Bone is weakest in resisting | shear force |
| What is kyphosis? | Over-curvature of Thoracic and Sacral sections of spine |
| What is Lordosis? | Over-curvature of Cervical and Lumbar sections of spine. |
| What is the liquid part of the discs called? | Nucleus Pulposus |
| What is the outer non-liquid part of the disc called? | Annulus Fibrosus |
| What are the two "processes" on the spine? | Transverse (expand out like arms) Spinous (expands out towards the back and covers the discs |
| Difference between Upper and Lower Cervical | Lower has a larger body and a spinous process |
| Difference between Cervical and Thoracic | Thoracic has much larger body and more facet joints, a longer spinrous process, circular vertabral hole space. |
| Difference betwween Thoracic and Lumbar | Lumbar has wider body, smaller transverse processes, and a rounder, shorter spinous process. Facet joints also have a different orientation |
| What are spinal meninges? | Specialized membranes that provide protection, physical stability, and shock absorption for the spinal cord. Layers-->Outside to inside-->Dura, arachnoid, pia (all maters) |
| Spinal nerves | Have 2 roots for outgoing and incoming signals 31 pairs of nerves total 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal |
| Make-up of spinal nerves | Myelinated axon-->endoneurium (cover)-->fascicle (multiple axons)-->perineurium (cover)-->blood vessels between fascicles-->epineurium (covers multiple fascicles and blood vessels) |
| Dermatomes | area of skin that is correlated with a certain spinal nerve (31 in total btw). Clinically important to diagnose which spinal nerve/segment is damaged based on where the patient has lost sensation. |
| Dorsal Root vs Ventral Root | Dorsal root protects incoming sensory nerves Ventral root protects outgoing motor nerves |
| Reflex Arc | Stimulus travels up sensory neuron, through excitatory interneuron in the grey matter, and then motor neuron is stimulated and sends signal down ventral root towards effector muscle |
| White vs. Grey Spinal matter | Grey matter is in the middle of spinal cord and contains cell bodies of neurons and glial cells White matter surrounds the grey matter and conveys sensory/motor information via tracts. |
| Facet joints in Cervical segments | Allow for back/forward bending, twisting, and lateral bending |
| Thoracic facet joints | More twisting and bending, less bending back |
| Lumbar facet joints | Even less twisting/bending, and bending backwards |
| 4 Components of Bone | Cortical and Trabecular (structural) Bone Marrow (structural and RBC) Vessels (nutritional and innervation) |
| Cortical bone | Contain osteon (tubes for information/nutriets/cells to pass through) periosteum (fibrous tissue) lamellae (layers of mineralized bone) osteoclasts and osteoblasts |
| Trabecular bone | Cancellousor spongy, light, pores filled with marrow structure (plate or rod) oriented in direction of loads |
| Purpose of vertebral bodies | Protect spinal cord & neural tissues Transfer load b/w upper & lower body Allow motion of the head |
| Vertebral Structure | Cortical shell with trabecular struts |
| Lack of stress in the bone slows the formation of... | osteoblasts, making the bone less density with immobilzation |
| Bone marrow structural purpose | Hydraulic resistance and strengthening. Increases the compressive strength and energy capacity |
| What is Wolff's Law? | Bone is laid down where needed and resorbed where not needed |
| What is a material's yield stress? | The amount of stress at which a predetermined amount of permanent deformation occurs |
| The higher the elastic modulus of a material the... | more stiff the material. |
| Ligaments vs. Tendons | Ligaments are bone2bone attachments, nearly parallel bundles of collagen Tendons are bone2muscle attachments and produce motion, parallel collagen |
| Purpose of ligaments | Carry tensile loads, provide tensile resistance, stabilize joints, restrict extreme movements of spine segments |
| Ligamentum Flavum | Super elastic ligaments from lamina to lamina that help restrict flexion, lateral bending, and rotation. |
| spinal ligament that can handle the largest load | Transverse ligament |
| What is bone marrow? | A liquid that consists of stroma, myeloid tissue, fat, and lymphatic tissue. |
| What is hyalin cartilage | smoothish cartilage (articular cartilage and cartilaginous endplate) |
| What is elastic cartilage? | more flexible than hyaline |
| What is fibrocartilage? | Found in fibrous tissues (Annulus Fibrosus, meniscus) |
| Purpose of cartilage in spine? | Transmits load from one bone segment to another Allows bones to move with respect to one another (by reducing friction) |
| What is the major type of collagen in articular (between joints) cartilage? | Type 2 |
| What happens when cartilage undergoes stress relaxation? | It initially undergoes displacement but then reaches the maximum displacement after the load peaks. Once it doesn't displace anymore, the fluid redistributes evenly inside the cartilage. |
| Is cartilage strain rate dependent? | Yes |
| Facets are what type of joints? | Synovial--filled with clear, viscous fluid to help provide low friction and nutrition. |
| Degeneration in the disc leads to greater loads in the facts....which leads to | facet degeneration |
| What is elastic cartilage? | More flexible than hyaline (Epiglottis, external ear) |
| Purpose of IVD | Load transmission between vertebral bodies absorption and distribution of load allows motion while restrictive excessive motion |
| Purpose of cartilaginous endplate? | Allows for fluid movement (nutritional flow) between disc and vertebral body |
| Nucleus Pulposus | Type 2 collage, proteoglycan, ECM, water, avascular |
| Disc cells do what? | Fibroblasts inside produce fibers, Cells synthesize cellular matrix and release lactic acid |
| What does aggrecan do inside IVD? | Produces swelling pressure from high negative charge density Provides stiffness, compressive resistance, and viscoelasticity |
| What does collagen inside IVD do? | Provides form and tensile strength and stiffness |
| Disc degeneration characterized by: | Loss of hydration, disc narrowing, osteophyte formation, endplate sclerosis, and facet joint narrowing. |
| Where does degeneration most often occur? | Mid-cervical and lower lumbar levels (also at thoraco-lumbar junction) |
| Creep is greater before or after deformation? | After, the equilibrium state is reached much faster (less compressive resistance/stiffness in material) |
Created by:
digitaleyes
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