Anatomy of Spine + Bone, Cartilage, Tendons and Ligaments
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| What is the definition of strain? | show 🗑
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| show | Stress
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| The resistance of a device to deformation is? | show 🗑
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| show | Strain
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| The stress produced when a force acts in line (parallel) with a surface? | show 🗑
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| Least amount of energy to failure can be determined by...? | show 🗑
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| show | The amximum stress under which the material will not fail in a fatigue (cyclic loading) test.
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| Relative toughness can be determined by..? | show 🗑
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| Best description of the mechanical properties of wet compact bone in humans? | show 🗑
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| Vicoelastic bones vary with... | show 🗑
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| Increasing the strain rate from slow to fast will... | show 🗑
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| show | shear force
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| What is kyphosis? | show 🗑
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| show | Over-curvature of Cervical and Lumbar sections of spine.
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| What is the liquid part of the discs called? | show 🗑
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| show | Annulus Fibrosus
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| show | Transverse (expand out like arms)
Spinous (expands out towards the back and covers the discs
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| Difference between Upper and Lower Cervical | show 🗑
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| Difference between Cervical and Thoracic | show 🗑
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| Difference betwween Thoracic and Lumbar | show 🗑
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| What are spinal meninges? | show 🗑
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| show | Have 2 roots for outgoing and incoming signals
31 pairs of nerves total
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
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| show | Myelinated axon-->endoneurium (cover)-->fascicle (multiple axons)-->perineurium (cover)-->blood vessels between fascicles-->epineurium (covers multiple fascicles and blood vessels)
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| show | area of skin that is correlated with a certain spinal nerve (31 in total btw). Clinically important to diagnose which spinal nerve/segment is damaged based on where the patient has lost sensation.
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| Dorsal Root vs Ventral Root | show 🗑
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| show | Stimulus travels up sensory neuron, through excitatory interneuron in the grey matter, and then motor neuron is stimulated and sends signal down ventral root towards effector muscle
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| show | Grey matter is in the middle of spinal cord and contains cell bodies of neurons and glial cells
White matter surrounds the grey matter and conveys sensory/motor information via tracts.
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| show | Allow for back/forward bending, twisting, and lateral bending
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| Thoracic facet joints | show 🗑
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| show | Even less twisting/bending, and bending backwards
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| 4 Components of Bone | show 🗑
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| show | Contain osteon (tubes for information/nutriets/cells to pass through) periosteum (fibrous tissue)
lamellae (layers of mineralized bone)
osteoclasts and osteoblasts
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| show | Cancellousor spongy, light, pores filled with marrow
structure (plate or rod) oriented in direction of loads
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| show | Protect spinal cord & neural tissues
Transfer load b/w upper & lower body
Allow motion of the head
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| Vertebral Structure | show 🗑
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| Lack of stress in the bone slows the formation of... | show 🗑
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| Bone marrow structural purpose | show 🗑
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| What is Wolff's Law? | show 🗑
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| show | The amount of stress at which a predetermined amount of permanent deformation occurs
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| show | more stiff the material.
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| show | Ligaments are bone2bone attachments, nearly parallel bundles of collagen
Tendons are bone2muscle attachments and produce motion, parallel collagen
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| show | Carry tensile loads, provide tensile resistance, stabilize joints, restrict extreme movements of spine segments
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| show | Super elastic ligaments from lamina to lamina that help restrict flexion, lateral bending, and rotation.
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| show | Transverse ligament
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| What is bone marrow? | show 🗑
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| What is hyalin cartilage | show 🗑
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| What is elastic cartilage? | show 🗑
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| What is fibrocartilage? | show 🗑
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| show | Transmits load from one bone segment to another
Allows bones to move with respect to one another (by reducing friction)
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| What is the major type of collagen in articular (between joints) cartilage? | show 🗑
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| What happens when cartilage undergoes stress relaxation? | show 🗑
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| show | Yes
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| show | Synovial--filled with clear, viscous fluid to help provide low friction and nutrition.
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| Degeneration in the disc leads to greater loads in the facts....which leads to | show 🗑
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| What is elastic cartilage? | show 🗑
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| show | Load transmission between vertebral bodies
absorption and distribution of load
allows motion while restrictive excessive motion
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| show | Allows for fluid movement (nutritional flow) between disc and vertebral body
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| Nucleus Pulposus | show 🗑
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| show | Fibroblasts inside produce fibers,
Cells synthesize cellular matrix and release lactic acid
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| What does aggrecan do inside IVD? | show 🗑
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| What does collagen inside IVD do? | show 🗑
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| Disc degeneration characterized by: | show 🗑
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| show | Mid-cervical and lower lumbar levels (also at thoraco-lumbar junction)
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| Creep is greater before or after deformation? | show 🗑
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