Blood
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| pH of blood | 7.35-7.45
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| viscosity of blood | 3.3 - 5.5
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| temperature of blood | 100.4*F
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| viscosity of water | 1.0
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| blood volume in males | 5-6 liters
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| blood volume in women | 4-5 liters
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| functions of blood | carries respiratory gases, nutrients, & hormones
helps body regulate temperature
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| formed elements (cellular components) of blood | blood cells
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| fluid portion (liquid component) of blood | plasma
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| what type of tissue is blood? | connective
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| plasma is __% water | 90
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| protein found in plasma that controls osmotic pressure of the circulatory system | albumin
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| protein found in plasma that transports antibodies (immunoglobulins) | globulin
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| blood clotting element in plasma | fibrinogen
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| red pigment | heme
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| oxygen-forming blood cells | red blood cells
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| most numerous blood cells | red blood cells
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| size of red blood cells | 7.5 um in diameter
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| number of red blood cells in females | 4.3-5.2 million per cubic millimeter
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| number of red blood cells in males | 5.2-5.8 million per cubic millimeter
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| blood cell formation in red bone marrow | hematopoiesis
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| oxygen-carrying protein | hemooglobin
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| lifespan of a red blood cell | 100-120 days
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| origin of red blood cells | bone marrow
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| shape of red blood cells | biconcave
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| blood cells that protect the body from infectious microorganisms | white blood cells/leukocytes
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| where do leukocytes function? | outside the bloodstream in loose connective tissue
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| circulating leukocytes leave the capillaries | diapedesis
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| two types of leukocytes | granulocytes & agranulocytes
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| 3 types of granulocytes | neutrophils, eosinophils & basophils
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| 2 types of agranulocytes | lymphocytes & monocytes
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| most numerous white blood cells | neutrophils
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| white blood cells that phagocytize & destroy bacteria | neutrophils
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| white blood cells that play a role in ending allergic reactions & parasitic infections | eosinophils
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| granulocyte that composes 1-4% of all white blood cells | eosinophils
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| granulocytes that secretes histamines, makes heparin & functions in inflammation mediation | basophils
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| least numerous white blood cells (0.5%) | basophils
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| the most important cells of the immune system | lymphocytes
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| white blood cells that act against a specific foreign molecule (antigen) & fight infectious organisms | lymphocytes
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| lymphocytes that attack foreign cells directly | T cells (T lymphocytes)
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| lymphocytes that multiply to become plasma cells & secrete antibodies | B cells (B lymphocytes)
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| agranulocytes that compose 20-45% of white blood cells | lymphocytes
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| the largest leukocytes | monocytes
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| agranulocytes that compose 4-8% of white blood cells | monocytes
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| leukocytes that transform into macrophages (phagocytic cells) & eat invaders | monocytes
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| another name for "platelets" | thrombocytes
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| cell fragments found in blood | platelets
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| function of platelets | blood clotting
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| thromboplastin & calcium ions combine & convert ________ into ________ | prothrombin; thrombin
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| thrombin helps convert ________ into _____________ | fibrinogen; fibrin strands
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| What is the key to blood clotting? | thrombin
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| ___________ entangle blood cells in their network to stop blood escaping | fibrin strands
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| prevents conversion of prothrombin to thrombin | antiprothrombin (heparin)
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| What does antiprothrombin form to prevent clotting? | antithrombin
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| What is the key to anti-clotting? | heparin
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| How many new blood cells are formed each day? | 100 billion
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| locations of red bone marrow | epiphyses, girdles & axial skeleton
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| site of hemopoiesis | red bone marrow
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| location of yellow bone marrow | long bones of adults
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| dormant bone marrow that contains many fat cells | yellow bone marrow
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| stem cells that give rise to lymphocytes | lymphoid stem cells
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| stem cells that give rise to all blood cells other than lymphocytes | myeloid stem cells
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| T/F All blood cells originate in bone marrow | true
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| T/F All blood cells originate from blood stem cells | true
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| a substance that can activate the immune system to make certain responses, including the production of antibodies | antigen
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| a substance made by the body in response to stimulation by an antigen | antibody
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| the sticking-together of antigens in little clusters | agglutinatation
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| prevalence of blood Type A | 42%
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| prevalence of blood Type B | 10%
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| prevalence of blood Type AB | 6%
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| prevalence of blood Type O | 42%
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| blood type that the RBCs contain type A antigen & the plasma anti-B antibodies | Type A
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| blood type that the RBCs contain type B antigen & the plasma contains anti-A antibodies | Type B
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| blood type that the RBCs contain both type A & B antigens & the plasma contains neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies | Type AB
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| blood type that contains neither type A nor B antigens & the plasma contains both anti-A & anti-B antibodies | Type O
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| universal donor (blood) | O negative
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| universal recipient (blood) | AB positive
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| about __% of the general population are Rh-positive | 82%
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| The term Rh is used because this important blood cell antigen was first discovered in the blood of _________ | Rhesus monkeys
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| another name for "red blood cells" | erythrocytes
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| function of red blood cells | transport oxygen & carbon dioxide
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| number of RBCs in a cubic millimeter of blood | 4-6 million
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| number of WBCs in a cubic millimeter of blood | 4,800-11,000
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| function of neutrophils | destroy bacteria by phagocytosis
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| number of neutrophils in a cubic millimeter of blood | 3,000-7,000
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| function of eosinophils | turn off allergic responses & kill parasites
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| number of eosinophils in a cubic millimeter of blood | 100-400
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| function of basophils | release histamine & other mediators of inflammation
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| number of basophils in a cubic millimeter of blood | 20-50
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| function of lymphocytes | mount immune system response by directly attacking cells (T cells) or via antibodies (B cells)
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| number of lymphocytes in a cubic millimeter of blood | 1,500-3,000
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| function of monocytes | phagocytosis; develop into macrophages in tissues
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| number of monocytes in a cubic millimeter of blood | 100-700
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| function of platelets | seal small tears in blood vessels; blood clotting
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| number of platelets in a cubic millimeter of blood | 150,000-500,000
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