AP 2401 Professor Young LSCS chap 13
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| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) description | show 🗑
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| The PNS includes _______ (4) | show 🗑
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| show | Structures specialized to respond to stimuli
Activation of sensory receptors results in depolarizations that trigger impulses to the CNS
The realization of these stimuli, sensation and perception, occur in the brain
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| Receptor Classification by Stimulus Type | show 🗑
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| show | respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, and itch
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| Thermoreceptors | show 🗑
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| Photoreceptors | show 🗑
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| Chemoreceptors | show 🗑
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| Nociceptors | show 🗑
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| show | Respond to stimuli arising outside the body
Found near the body surface
Sensitive to touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
Include the special sense organs
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| Interoceptors | show 🗑
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| show | Respond to degree of stretch of the organs they occupy
Found in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and connective tissue coverings of bones and muscles
Constantly “advise” the brain of one’s movements
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| show | Special Sense
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| Most receptors are _____ and include _____ and _____varieties | show 🗑
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| Simple Receptors: Unencapsulated (facts) | show 🗑
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| show | Merkel (tactile) discs – light touch
Hair follicle receptors
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| Simple Receptors: Encapsulated examples | show 🗑
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| show | Receptor level – the sensor receptors
Circuit level – ascending pathways
Perceptual level – neuronal circuits in the cerebral cortex
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| The receptor must have _______ for the stimulus energy | show 🗑
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| show | receptive field
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| Stimulus energy must be converted into a ____________ – receptor potential, a process called _________. | show 🗑
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| A _____ _______ in the associated sensory neuron must reach threshold | show 🗑
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| show | stronger
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| show | Adaptation
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| During adaptation _____________ become less responsive and _________ decline in frequency or stop. | show 🗑
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| ______ – cordlike organ of the PNS consisting of ________ enclosed by __________ | show 🗑
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| Endoneurium | show 🗑
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| Perineurium | show 🗑
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| show | tough fibrous sheath around nerve
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| show | Sensory and Motor
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| ________ (_______) nerves carry impulse TO the CNS | show 🗑
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| show | Motor (efferent)
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| show | Mixed
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| show | Somatic and autonomic
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| List 4 types of mixed nerves | show 🗑
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| show | can
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| show | Macrophages, schwann cells, axons
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| ___ pairs of cranial nerves arise from the brain | show 🗑
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| show | 4
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| show | Arises from the olfactory epithelium
Functions solely by carrying afferent impulses for the sense of smell
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| Cranial Nerve II: Optic | show 🗑
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| Cranial Nerve III: Oculomotor | show 🗑
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| show | Fibers emerge from the dorsal midbrain and enter the orbits via the superior orbital fissures; innervate the superior oblique muscle
Primarily a motor nerve that directs the eyeball
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| show | Fibers emerge from the pons to face
Largest of cranial nerves
Sensory fibers to the face and motor fibers to the chewing muscles
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| show | Fibers leave inferior pons and enter orbit via superior orbital fissure to run to eye
Controls the extrinsic eye muscle that abducts the eyeball (turns it laterally)
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| show | Mixed nerve with five major branches
Motor functions include facial expression, and the transmittal of autonomic impulses to lacrimal and salivary glands
Sensory function is taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue
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| Cranial Nerve VIII: Vestibulocochlear | show 🗑
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| show | Motor – innervates part of the tongue and pharynx, and provides motor fibers to the parotid salivary gland
Sensory – fibers conduct taste and general sensory impulses from the tongue and pharynx
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| show | The only cranial nerve that extends beyond the head and neck
Fibers emerge from the medulla via the jugular foramen
Most motor fibers are parasympathetic fibers to the heart, lungs, and visceral organs
Its sensory function is in taste
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| Cranial Nerve XI: Accessory | show 🗑
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| Cranial Nerve XII: Hypoglossal | show 🗑
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| Spinal Nerves (number) | show 🗑
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| show | area of skin innervated by the cutaneous branches of a single spinal nerve
All spinal nerves except C1 participate in dermatomes
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| Hilton’s law: | show 🗑
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| show | reflex
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| show | Be inborn (intrinsic) or learned (acquired)
Involve only peripheral nerves and the spinal cord
Involve higher brain centers as well
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| 5 components of the reflex arc | show 🗑
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