nerves, brain and spinal cord
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| acetylcholine | neurotransmitter, chemical released at the end of nerve cells
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| afferent nerve | carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord(sensory nerve)
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| arachnoid membrane | middle layer of the three membranes(meninges)
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| astrocyte | type of glial(neuroglial) cell
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| autonomic nervous system | nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands and internal organs
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| axon | microscopic fiber that carries nervous impulse along a nerve cell
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| blood-brain barrier | capillaries that selectively let certain substances enter and keep other substances out
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| brainstem | conncets the cerebrum with the pons and medulla oblongata
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| cauda equina | collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord
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| cell body | part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus
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| Central nervous system (CNS) | brain and the spinal cord
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| cerebellum | posterior part of the brain
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| cerebral cortex | outer region of the cerebrum
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| cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) | circulates through out the brain and spinal cord
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| cerebrum | largest part of the brain
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| cranial nerves | 12 pairs of nerves that carries messages to and from the brain, except the vagus nerve (10th nerve)
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| dendrite | microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell, first part to recieve the nervous impulse
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| dura mater | thick outermost layer of the meninges
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| efferent nerve | carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord; motor nerve
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| ependymal cell | lines mebranes within the brain and spinal cord
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| ganglion | collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nevous system
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| glial cell (neuroglial cell) | supportive and connective nerve cell that does not carry nervous impulses
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| gyrus | sheet of convoluted nerve cells
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| hypothalamus | portion of the brain beneath the thalamus, controls sleep, appetite body temp and secretions of pituitary gland
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| medulla oblongata | part of the brain just above the spinal cord, controls breathing, heartbeat and the size of blood vessels, nerve fibres cross over here
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| meninges | three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
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| microglial cell | phagocytic cell that removes waste products from the central nevous system
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| motor nerve | carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs, efferent nerve
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| myelin sheath | covering of white fatty tissue
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| nerve | macroscopic cord-like collection of fibers that carry electrical impulses
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| neuron | nerve cell that carries impulses throughout the body
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| neurotransmitter | chemical released at the end of a nerve cell
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| oligodendroglial cell | glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons
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| parasympathetic nerves | involuntary autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions like heart rate breathing and muscles of the gastrointestinal tract
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| parenchyma | essential distinguishing tissue of an organ or system
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| peripheral nervous system | nerves outside the brain and spinal cord; cranial,spinal and autonomic nerves
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| pia mater | thin delicate membrane of the meninges
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| plexus | large interlacing network of nerves
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| pons | bridge connecting various parts of the brain
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| receptor | organ that recieves a nervous stimulus
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| sciatic nerve | nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg and foot
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| sensory nerve | carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord from a receptor afferent nerve
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| spinal nerves | 31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal nerve
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| stimulus | agent of change(light sound touch) in the internal or external environment that evokes a response
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| stroma | connective and supporting tissue of an organ. glia cells are the stromal tissue of the brain
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| sulcus | depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure
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| sympathetic nerves | autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress
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| synapse | space through which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle of or glandular cells
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| thalamus | main relay center of the brain
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| vagus nerve | thenth cranial nerve (cranial nerve X)
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| ventricles of the brain | canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid
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| cerebell/o | cerebellum
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| cerebellar | pt to cerebellum
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| cerebr/o | cerebrum
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| cerebrospinal fluid | fluid pt to the cerebrum
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| dur/o | dura mater
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| subdural hematoma | collection of blood pt to below the dura mater
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| epidural hematoma | collection of blood pt to above the dura mater
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| encephal/o | brain
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| encephalitis | inflammation of the brain
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| encephalopathy | disease condition of the brain
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| anencephaly | condition of no brian
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| gli/o | glial cells
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| glioblastoma | immature malignant tumor of glial cells
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| lept/o | thin slender
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| leptomeningeal | pt to thin meninges
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| mening/o, meningi/o | membranes, meninges
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| meningeal | pt to the meninges
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| meningioma | tumor of the meninges
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| myelomeningocele | hernia of the spinal cord and meninges
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| my/o | muscle
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| myoneural | pt to muscle nerves
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| myel/o | spinal cord (means bone marrow in other contexs)
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| myelogram | record of the spinal cord
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| poliomyelitis | inflammation of gray matter of the spinal cord
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| neur/o | nerve
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| neuropathy | disease condition of nerves
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| polyneuritis | inflammation of many nerves
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| pont/o | pons
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| cerebellopontine | pt to cerebellum and pons
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| ine | pt to
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| radicul/o | nerve root(of spinal nerves)
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| radiculopathy | disease condition of a nerve root
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| radiculitis | inflammation of nerve root
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| thalam/o | thalamus
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| thalamic | pt to thalamus
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| thec/o | sheath(refers to the meniges)
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| intra thecal injection | injection pt to within the sheath
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| vag/o | pt to vagus nerve
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| alges/o, algesia | excessive sensitivity to pain
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| analgesia | condition of no sensitivity to pain
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| hypalgesia | diminished sensitivity to pain
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| -algia | pain
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| neuralgia | nerve pain
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| cephalgia | head pain
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| caus/o | burning
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| causalgia | burning pain
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| comat/o | deep sleep(coma)
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| comatose | pt to deep sleep
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| coma | state of deep sleep
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| -esthesia, esthesi/o | feeling nervous sensation
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| anesthesia | no feeling or nervous sensation
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| anesthetics | agents that reduceor eliminate sensation
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| hyperesthesia | increased feeling , sensation
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| paresthesia | abnormal feeling sensation
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| kines/o,kinesi/o, -kinesia. -kinesis, -kinetic | movement
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| bradykinesia | slow movement
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| hyperkenesis | excessive movement
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| dyskinesia | difficult movement
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| akinetic | no movement
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| -lepsy | seizure
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| epilepsy | above seizure
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| narcolepsy | sleep seizure
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| lex/o | word phrase
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| dyslexia | condition of difficult word phrase
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| -paresis | weakness
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| hemiparesis | right or left half of the body weakness
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| -phasia | speech
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| aphasia | no speech
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| -plegia | paralysis
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| hemiplegia | right or left half of the body paralysis
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| paraplegia | paralysis of the lower part of the body
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| quadriplegia | paralysis of four exrtemities
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| -praxia | action
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| apraxia | no action
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| -sthenia | strength
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| neurasthenia | no nerve stength
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| syncop/o | to cut off cut short
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| syncopal | pt to cut off, cut short, fainting
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| tax/o | order, coordination
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| ataxia | condition of no order coordination
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| hydroephalus | abnormal accumualtion of fluid(CSF) in the brain , circulation of spinal fluid is impared so a shunt is used to drain extra fluid
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| spina bifida | congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by union of vertabral parts(neural tube defect),meningocele,myelomeningocele, reasons unknown
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| Alzheimer disease (AD) | brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive mental deterioration(dementia), personality changes, and impairment of daily functioning, confusion, memory failure, disorientation, restlessness, anxiety,senile, plaques, neurofibrillary tangles
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| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) | degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and the brain stem,maifests in adulthood,weakness, difficulty in swallowing, walking,cure unknown, Lou Ghrig disease
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| epilepsy | chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity
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| tonic-clonic seizure | grand mal or ictal evenets
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| aura | peculiar sensation experienced by the affected person before onset of seizure
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| absence seizures | petite mal siezures, minor form of seizure,
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| Huntington disease | hereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in the cerebrum leading to abrupt involuntary movements and mental deterioration, dance like movements jerking movements,chromosome 4
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| multiple sclerosis(MS) | destructiom of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its replacement by plaques of sclerotic(hard)tissue
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| myasthenia gravis (MG) | autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles, thymectomy is a method of treatment
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| palsy | paralysis (partial or complete loss of motor function) cerebral palsy partial paralysis and lack of muscular coordination from lack of oxygen during pregnancy
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| Bells palsy | paralysis on one side of the face, from viral infection
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| parkinson disease | degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia, occuring later in life and leading to tremors weakness of muscles and slowness of movement, pallitave care
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| Tourette syndrome | involuntary, spasmodic twitching movements;uncontrollable vocal sounds and inappropriate words
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| herpes zoster | viral infection affecting peripheral nerves,shingles
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| meningitis | inflammation of the meninges,leptomeningitis viral,bacterial
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| human immunodeficiently virus encephalopathy (HIV) | brain disease and dementia occuring with aids
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| brain tumor | abnormal growth of brain tissue and meninges, gliomas, astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma,glioblastoma multiforme
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| cerebral concussion | temporary brain dysfunction (brief loss of consciousness) after injury usually clearing in 24 hoursn (feinting)
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| cerebral contusion | bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head, neurologic deficits persit longer than 24 hours, fracture of the skull
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| cerebrovascular accident (CVA) | disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain, stroke, also known as cerebral infarction
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| Thrombotic | blood clot, stroke
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| TIA | transient ischemic attacks, short episodes of neurologic dysfunction
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| embolic | an embolus a dislodged thrombus, travels to the cerebral arteries and occludes a small vessel, happens quite suddenly
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| hemorthagic | a blood vessel such as the cerebral artery breaks and bleeding occurs, this stroke can be fatal can result from age,artherosclerosis,high blood pressure,
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| aneurism | weakened area in a vessel that balloons and and may eventually bursdt(younger patient0
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| tPA | tissue plasminogen activator, medicine started within three hours of stroke
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| migraine | severe recurring unilateral, vascular headache
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| aura | peculiar sensations that preceed the onset of illness
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| absence seizure | minor petite mal form of seizure
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| astrocytoma | malignant tumor of astrocyte (glial brain cells)
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| dopamine | CNS neurotransmitter, deficient in patients with Parkinsons
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| gait | manner of walking
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| occlusion | blockage
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| palliative | releiving symptoms but not curing them
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| thymectomy | removal of the thymus gland, used in treatment of myasthenia gravis
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| tic | involuntary movement of a small group of muscles, as of face, (tourette)
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| cerebrospinal fluid analysis | samples of CSF are examined
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| cerebral angiography | xray imaging of the arterial blood vessel in the brain after injection of contrast material(in thigh)
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| computed tomography of the brain (CT) | xray technique that generates computerized multiple imshes of the brain and spinal cord
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| myelography | xray imaging of the spinal canal after injection of contrast medium into the subarachnoid space
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| magnetic resonance imaging MRI | magnetic field and pulse of radiowave energy create images of the brain and spinal cord
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| positron emission tomography scan (PET) | radioactive glucose is injected and then detected in the brain to image the metabolic actyivity of cells, info about brain cells
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| doppler ultrasound studies | sound waves detect blood flow in the cartoid and intracranial arteries
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| electroencephalography EEG | recording of the electrical activity of the brain
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| lumbar puncture LP | CSF is withdtrawn from between two lumbar vertabrae for analysis
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| steiotactic radiosurgery | use of a specialized instrument to locate and treat targets in the brain, inaccessible brain tumors and abnormal blood vessels
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