Digestive
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| show | ingestion, digestion, absorption, compaction, defecation
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| ingestion | show 🗑
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| show | mechanical & chemical breakdown of food
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| show | uptake of macromolecules into epithelial cells of the digestive tract and then into the blood or lymph
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| compaction | show 🗑
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| defecation | show 🗑
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| accessory organs | show 🗑
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| peritoneum | show 🗑
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| layers of digestive tract= | show 🗑
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| mucosa | show 🗑
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| submucosa | show 🗑
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| show | • 2 layers: inner circular layer (makes lumen SMALLER at that place)
• outer longitudinal layers (runs top to bottom along length)
o when contracts, tube gets SHORTER but WIDER
• propel food from visceral tract
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| show | • In visceral peritoneum
• Secrete serous fluids
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| show | 1. myenteric plexus (PERISTALSIS, contractions of muscularis externa), 2. submucosal plexus (GLANDULAR secretions of mucosa, movements of muscularis mucosae)
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| GI tract stimuli= | show 🗑
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| GI responses mediated by | show 🗑
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| GI tract effects= | show 🗑
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| saliva/ salivary gland functions | show 🗑
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| show | dispersed oral mucosa, All live within MUCOSA,
Constantly secreting saliva
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| show | three pair connected to oral cavity by ducts; -Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands, Secrete primarily when eating
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| show | secrete mucus, stimulated by sympathetic NS
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| serous cells | show 🗑
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| show | muscular tube extending from nasal cavity --> oral cavity --> esophagus; Swallowing (deglutition) begins here; muscles around bolus CONSTRICTS --> cause food to slip down
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| show | =swallowing
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| esophagus | show 🗑
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| show | movement of a bolus by successive wave of contraction starting at one place of mouth, moving down
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| show | primarily functions as a food storage organ, mechanical digestion
liquefies the bolus --> producing CHYME, chemical digestion of protein & fat
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| pyloric sphincter | show 🗑
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| gastric glands (of stomach) secretes... | show 🗑
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| why secrete HCl | show 🗑
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| regenerative (stem cells) | show 🗑
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| show | parietal, regenerative, enteroendocrine, mucous, chief cells
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| show | secrete paracrine factors and hormone GASTRIN (G-cells); secretions= HORMONES (gastrin= most important hormone)
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| chief cells | show 🗑
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| show | =vomiting; in response to: overstretching of the stomach or duodenum, chemical irritants (alcohol, bacterial toxins), visceral trauma, intense pain or psychological and sensory stimuli
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| show | cephalic phase, gastric phase, intestinal phase
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| show | Vagus nerve stimulates gastric secretion even before food is swallowed; originates from head --> no food in stomach required, PREPARES stomach for food
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| gastric phase | show 🗑
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| intestinal phase | show 🗑
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| main cell type of liver | show 🗑
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| show | glucose, amino acids, iron, vitamins, and other nutrients for metabolism or storage
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| show | hormones, toxins, bile pigments, drugs
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| show | glucose, albumin, lipoproteins, clotting factors, angiotensinogen
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| hepatocytes excrete bile: | show 🗑
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| gallbladder main functions | show 🗑
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| show | bilirubin (excretory product), bile salts (bile acids-
steroids synthesized from cholesterol), EMULSIFY FATS (dissolve fats in aqueous solutions w/ hydrophillic & hydrophobic side)
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| gallstones | show 🗑
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| show | proteases (trypsinogen, carboxypeptidase), amylase, lipase, ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease
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| pancreatic juice rich in ________ | show 🗑
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| pancreas: hormones regulating secretion | show 🗑
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| acetylcholine | show 🗑
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| show | secreted by duodenum in response to FATS; stimulate acini to secrete enzymes, stimulate gallbladder CONTRACTION
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| secretin | show 🗑
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| duodenum | show 🗑
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| jejunum | show 🗑
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| show | last 60% of small intestine, thinner less muscular & vascular; lots of LYMPHATIC NODULES (=PEYER PATCHES), contains villi & microvilli; lacteal, absorption of LIPIDS
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| show | multicellular projection, blood capillaries of villus absorb most of the nutrients, LACTEAL absorbs most lipids
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| show | fuzzy border on apical surface of each absorptive cell: the “brush border” increases absorptive surface area, brush border enzymes
carry out some of the FINAL STAGES of enzymatic digestion
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| show | gradual movement of contents towards colon
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| show | pinching off of a segment, followed by churning within the segment
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| show | oligosaccharides, maltose (disaccharide), glucose (monosaccharide)
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| show | transmembrane transporters move monosaccarides across cells
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| show | =enzymes that digest proteins; begin work in stomach @ pH 1.5- 3.5; pepsin digests 10-15% of dietary protein --> shorter peptides and some free amino acids; pancreatic & brush border enzymes reduce oligopeptides --> amino acids
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| absorption of proteins | show 🗑
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| show | smaller droplets in which fat globules are broken up by lecithin & bile acids; lipids leave micelles --> diffuse into cells --> form chylomicrones secreted/ absorbed by lacteals
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| large intestine functions | show 🗑
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| show | 75% water, 25% solids (bacteria, undigested fiber, fat); also lots of BACTERIA
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| show | populate large intestine: 800 species of bacteria; ferment undigested carbohydrates, help in synthesis of vitamin B and K
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| show | feces stretch rectum --> stimulate stretch receptors --> signal to spinal cord; spinal reflex --> contraction of rectum --> relaxes internal anal sphincter; impulses from brain prevent untimely defecation by keeping external anal sphincter contracted
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