Anatomy Physiology 2
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| show | Direct Communication
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| show | Paracrine Communication
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| show | Endocrine Communication
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| show | 1. stimulate synthesis of enzyme by activating genes in nucleus
2. Increase or decrease rate of synthesis by affecting rate of transcription or translation
3. turn an existing enzyme or membrane channel "on" or "off" by changing shape or structure
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| Neurotransmitters send "messages" across synaptic clefts to appropriate receptors. | show 🗑
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| show | Endocrine cells
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| Relatively small molecules that are structurally related to amino acids. A.k.a biogenic amines, are synthesized from tyrosine and tryptophan. | show 🗑
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| Includes Thyroid hormones produced by the thyroid gland, and epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine, which are known as catecholamines. | show 🗑
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| Primary hormone derivative is melatonin produced by the pineal gland. | show 🗑
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| Synthesized as prohormones- inactive molecules that are converted to active hormones either before or after they are secreted. Composed of chains of amino acids. | show 🗑
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| More than 200 amino acids long and have carbohydrate side chains. Includes TSH, LH, FSH from adenohypophysis. | show 🗑
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| Includes ADH, Oxytocin, GH, prolactin, all hormones secreted by heart, hypothalamus, thymus, digestive tract, pancreas, and neurohypophysis, and most of adenohypophysis | show 🗑
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| Has two classes, eicosanoid derived from acachidonic acid (20-carbon fatty acids) and steroid hormones (derived from cholesterol) | show 🗑
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| small molecules with a five-carbon ring at one end, importan paracrine factors that coordinate cellular activities and affect enzymatic processes in extracellular fluids. | show 🗑
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| show | Leukotrienes
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| Eicosanoids produced in most tissues of the body to coordinate local cellular activities sometimes converted to thromboxanes and prostacyclins which also have strong paracrine effects. | show 🗑
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| Lipids structurally similar to cholesterol. Released by male and female reproductive organs(androgens by testes), estrogen and progestins by ovaries), corticosteroids (by cortex of suprarenal glands, calcitriol (kidneys). | show 🗑
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| Hormones are inactivated when..... | show 🗑
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| These hormones remain in circulation much longer because when they enter bloodstream more than 99 percent of them become attached to special transport proteins. | show 🗑
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