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If your not sure what answer should be entered, press the space bar and the next missing letter will be displayed. When you are all done, you should look back over all your answers and review the ones in red. These ones in red are the ones which you needed help on. Question: CephalizationAnswer: Elaboration ofthe rostral (anterior) portion of Question: The __ differentiates rapidly by the 4th week into the Answer: Tube Question: The brain forms __ & spinal cord from __ portion of neural tube.Answer: Anteriorly (rostrally) - (posterior) Question: 3 primary vesiclesAnswer: (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain), & rhombencephalon (hindbrain) Question: Answer: "brain" Question: brain vesiclesAnswer: Primary vesicles divide into 5 vesicles Question: The hemispheres (cerebrum) come from?Answer: Telencephalon sprouts 2 latteral swellings @ 5 wks. Question: CortexAnswer: outer layer of brain consisting of neuron cell . Question: Hollow ventricular chambers are w/__ & lined with __.Answer: Fluid (CSF) - ependymal cells Question: Interventricular Answer: Foramen of Monro - that allows communication between lateral ventricles & 3rd ventricle. Question: AqueductAnswer: Canal-like structure linking 3rd & 4th . Question: The 4th ventricle is w/__.Answer: The central canal of the cord. Question: The & median aperatures connect 4th ventricle to __.Answer: The subarachnoid - fluid-filled space surrounding brain. Question: The elevated ridges of cerebral hemisphere are the __ & the shallow grooves __. groves are __.Answer: Gyri, , fissures. Question: Longitudinal Answer: Separates cerebral Question: Transverse fissureAnswer: Separates hemispheres from cerebellum. Question: Name the 5 lobes of each .Answer: Frontal, parietal, temporal,occipital, & . Question: The lobes like in the __.Answer: Anterior cranial Question: Conscious mind is in the __.Answer: Cerebral Question: Gray Answer: Neuron cell bodies, , glia & blood vessels, but NO FIBER TRACTS. Question: Specific & sensory functions are localizedin descrete cortical __.Answer: Question: Cerebral cortex contains 3 areas.Answer: , sensory, & association Question: All in the cortex are __.Answer: Question: What anatomical landmark separates motor of cerebral cortex from sensory areas?Answer: Central Question: Primary motor located where?Answer: Precentral gyrus of lobe of each hemisphere. Question: CellsAnswer: Lg. neurons that allow us to consciously control voluntary movements of skeletal muscles - long . Question: The body is represented spatially in the __.Answer: motor cortex of each hemisphere. Question: SomatotopyAnswer: Mapping of body in CNS (motor homunculus). Question: Premotor Answer: learned motor skills - repetitious-memory bank for skilled motor activities. Question: 's AreaAnswer: In 1 only - motor speech area. Question: Frontal eye Answer: voluntary eye movements Question: Primary somatosensory Answer: resides in postcentral gyrus of lobe - re. info from somatic sensors - spacial discrimination. Question: Spacial Answer: Rec. info from proprioceptros (position sense receptors) & body region being stimulated. Question: Somatosensory association Answer: Integrates inputs relayed to it by primary somatosensory cortex & associates it to produce understanding. Question: Primary visual (striate) Answer: Occipital lobe (located in) - cortical sensory area - rec. visual info. Question: Visual areaAnswer: Uses past visual experienceto interpret stim. Question: Primary cortexAnswer: Temporal lobe (location) - rec. stimulation Question: Auditory areaAnswer: "perceives" sound stimulus sound memories. Question: Olfactory (smell) Answer: Medial aspect of temporal lobe - lobe - conscious awarenessof odors - part of primitive rhinencephalon. Question: (taste) cortexAnswer: In insula - of taste. Question: sensory areaAnswer: In cortex of insula - conscious of viseral sens. Question: Vestibular (equilibrium) Answer: In partof insula - conscious awareness of balance. Question: association cortexAnswer: Where , thoughts, & emotions become conscious & makes us what we are. Question: Multimodal association - 3 partsAnswer: Anterior (prefrontal),posterior, & Question: Anterior association Answer: Frontal lobe - prefrontal cortex - most complicated cognition, recall & personality. Develops slowly - . Question: can be attributed to maturity of __.Answer: cortex Question: Posterior association Answer: Large area - , parietal, & occipital - recognized patterns, faces, etc. - Wernicke's area here - language. Question: Limbic association Answer: Cingulate & parahippocampal gyrus, & hippocampus - impact - danger - memories. Question: LateralizationAnswer: Division of into hemispheres. Question: Left Answer: Control of , abilities, math, & logic. Question: hemisphereAnswer: Visual-spatial skills, intuition, , creativity. Question: white matterAnswer: Responsible for communication cerebral areas & cortex & lower CNS centers. Myelinated fibers bundled into large tracts. Question: Fibers & have 3 classification directions.Answer: Commissural (horizontal), association (verticle), or (verticle). Question: Answer: Composed of commissural fibers (horizontal) - connect gray areas of both hemispheres - is corpus callosum. Question: CallosumAnswer: Deep w/in longitudinal fissure - largest commissure - both hemispheres so they can coordinate. Question: FibersAnswer: Connect different parts of same . Question: FibersAnswer: Tie to rest of nervous system - run vertically. Question: CapsuleAnswer: compact band of projection fibers on top of brain stem - fans out (coronal ) to cerebral wt.matter to cortex. Question: NucleiAnswer: Regulate attention & cognition - Caudate nucleus, putamon, & globus pallidus - of nerve bodies in CNS Question: Where does 's hit?Answer: Nuclei Question: DiencephalonAnswer: Central core of forebrain - , hypothalamus, & epithalamus. Question: ThalamusAnswer: Info from body is sorted out & relayed to cortex - mediates , motor activities, cortical arousal, learning & memory - contains lg. # of nuclei. Question: What is as the "gateway to the cerebral cortex?"Answer: The Question: PonsAnswer: Hindbrain region - traffic center for signals between & forebrain. Question: Answer: Coordinates reflex responses to & sounds - has the "tectum" (roof of gray matter). Cerebral peduncles, cerebral aqueduct, & tectum. Question: ForebrainAnswer: Most highly developed region - includes cerebrum, olfactory bulbs, , & hypothalamus. Question: CerebrumAnswer: Information is processed & responses are . Question: Answer: Caps brain stem - main visceral control center - regulates body activities: temp, control center, sleep-wake, & endocrine. Question: Answer: Pineal here - regulates sleep-wake cycle. Question: StemAnswer: Autonomic behaviors, instincts - Superior to inferior - midbrain, pons, & medulla oblongata. Gray embedded in white - reticular formation that govern nerv sys as whole. Question: pedunclesAnswer: Verticle pillars up cerebrum. Question: __ nerve signals to the heart.Answer: Vagus Question: __ controls unconscious of motor activity.Answer: Question: __ is major coordinating center for signal.Answer: Question: Answer: Sensory relay switchboard - coordinates sensory imput & relays to cerebrum. Question: HypothalamusAnswer: The body's for controlling homeostatic adjustments in internal organs. Question: Reticular Answer: Balance, , & muscle tone - Low-level motor pathway - major network of interneurons. Question: Limbic Answer: Governs emotions & reactions like rage. Question: Answer: , dexterity, movement, & balance - occurs spontaneously - motor control & sense of position. Question: 3 Divisions of the Answer: Hindbrain, midbrain & . Question: Answer: Medulla oblongata, cerebellum, & pons - relfex for respiration, blood circ., coughing. Question: ColliculiAnswer: Visual reflex center - coordinate hand & eye movements when an object. Question: ColliculiAnswer: Auditory relay to cortex - startle reflex Question: Substantia Answer: High content of melanin - dopamine here. Question: OblongataAnswer: Inferior part of brain stem - reflex center - cardiac, respiratory, vomiting, swallowing, sneezing, etc. Question: Cerebellar hemispheres medially by __.Answer: Question: & posterior lobes of cerebellum __.Answer: Coordinate body Question: All entering & leaving the cerebellum are __.Answer: Ipsilateral - from & to same side of Question: The cerebellum has no __ to cerebral cortex.Answer: direct Question: Cerebellar injury in loss of __.Answer: tone & clumsy, unsure movements. Question: SystemAnswer: Amygdala here - is our brain & cingulate gyrus - expressing emotion through gestures - relayed through hypothalamus. Question: FormationAnswer: Loosely clustered neurons - extend length of brain stem - maintains wakefulness, muscle coordination - RAS Question: Reticular System (RAS)Answer: Acts as filter for flood of sensory input - is inhibited by center & drugs - coma - central to wakefulness. Question: Alpha Answer: 8-13 Question: Beta Answer: 14-30 Question: WavesAnswer: 4-7 Hz - common in - abnormal in awake adults. Question: WavesAnswer: 4hz or less - During sleep & anesthesia - brain damage when awake. Question: Absense Answer: Petit Mal - mild seizures - face goes . Question: -clonic seizuresAnswer: Grand Mal - , convulsive epileptic seizure. Question: Nerve StimulatorAnswer: Anti-epilepsy device - Delivers pulse via vagus nerve to brain to keep electrical of brain. Question: A brief loss of is called __.Answer: or syncope. Question: In coma oxygen use is __ normal.Answer: Question: __ activity is depressed during sleep, but not __ .Answer: activity - brainstem Question: Oxygen use by brain REM sleep is __ than awake state.Answer: Question: Most & night terrors occur during __.Answer: NonREM stages 3 & Question: In the state, alertness of cerebral is mediated by the __.Answer: RAS Question: Lesions of the RAS result in __.Answer: Question: When neurons of the __ fire at maximal rates, we awaken for the day.Answer: Midbrain reticular Question: Arachnoid Answer: Forms a loose covering. Question: Pia Answer: CT w/blood vessels - cling to brain. Question: Cerebrospinal fluid reduces weight by __.Answer: 97% - by it. Question: CFS (cerebrospinal ) formed from __.Answer: The choroid plexuses that hang from roof of each . Question: Answer: Accumulating CSF fluid on - must be shunted off. Question: Most important -brain barriers?Answer: Tight junctions between endothelial cells thatmake them the least permeable capillaries in body. Question: coup injuryAnswer: Ricocheting as brain hits skull in accident. Question: The blood-brain barrier is against __.Answer: Fats, fatty acids, oxygen, CO2, & fat-soluable alcohol, & anesthetics can affect the brain. Question: Severe brain stem contusions always __.Answer: Coma - due to of reticular activating sys. (RAS) Question: accidents (CVAs) also are called?Answer: Question: ischemiaAnswer: Deprivation of blood supply to a . Question: Answer: on one side of body. Question: Tissue plasminogen (tPA)Answer: Dissolves clots in the brain. Question: Huntington's Answer: Hyperkinetic due to too much dopamine. Question: Spinal cord develops from __ of embryonic tube.Answer: Caudal . Question: Alar plate neuroblasts __.Answer: (dorsal) Question: Basal neuroblasts become __.Answer: Motor (ventral) Question: Dorsal root ganglia __.Answer: Sensory neuron cell . Question: The spinal cord typically ends __.Answer: L1 & Question: Conus Answer: Where spinal cord terminates in cone. Question: terminaleAnswer: spinal cord to coccyx. Question: Why does spinal cord enlarge in cervical & areas?Answer: serving limbs arise in those areas. Question: __ pairs of spinal nerves attach to cord by roots.Answer: 31 Question: Each nerve exits from via the __.Answer: Intervertebral Question: 2 that mark surface of spinal cord.Answer: Anterior median fissue & median sulcus. Question: Gray matter of cord is in __, is __.Answer: Core, Question: Gray Answer: Cross-bar of gray matter connecting internal gray masses of spinal - encloses central canal. Question: lateral horns are present in __ & __.Answer: Thoracic & superior lumbar segments of cord - . Question: All whose cell bodies are in the spinal cord gray matter are __.Answer: Multipolar Question: The dorsal horns of cord are __.Answer: Question: Ventral horns of cord are mostly __.Answer: motor neurons. Question: Afferent fibers from sensory receptors form __.Answer: roots of spinal cord. Question: First-order Answer: Cell body in ganglion-conduct from skin to spinal cord or brain stem & synapse w/2nd order. Question: Second-order Answer: Cell body in dorsal horn of cord - to thalamus or cerebellum. Question: Third-order Answer: Cell body in thalamus-conduct to cortex of cerebrum. Question: Amyotrophic SclerosisAnswer: Lou Gehrig's disease - destruction of ventral horn motor neurons & tract. Question: Stage __ declines steadily from birth & often disappears completely in those over 60.Answer: 4 Question: 2 regions that are critically important for .Answer: Broca's & 's area. Question: potentiation (LTP)Answer: Persistant increase in strength. Question: From external to , the meninges are:Answer: Dura mater, mater, & pia mater. Question: Dura Answer: "Tough Mother" - strongest meninx - brain. Question: 3 kinds of neurons.Answer: Sensory , interneurons, & motor neurons. Question: neuronsAnswer: Collect & relay info about stimuli to spinal cord & . Question: Answer: In the spinal cord & brain - receive & process sensory input & send signals to neurons. Question: neuronsAnswer: Relay signals from to effectors - muscles & glands - that carry out responses. |
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